scholarly journals Tooth chipping patterns in Paranthropus do not support regular hard food mastication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Towle ◽  
Joel D. Irish ◽  
Carolina Loch
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Homo Neanderthalensis ◽  
Australopithecus Africanus ◽  
Extant Primate ◽  
Craniofacial Features ◽  
Fossil Hominin

AbstractThe paranthropines, including Paranthropus boisei and Paranthropus robustus, have often been considered hard-food specialists. The large post-canine teeth, thick enamel, and robust craniofacial features are often suggested to have evolved to cope with habitual mastication of hard foods. Yet, direct evidence for Paranthropus feeding behaviour often challenges these morphological interpretations. The main exception being antemortem tooth chipping which is still regularly used as evidence of habitual mastication of hard foods in this genus. In this study, data were compiled from the literature for six hominin species (including P. boisei and P. robustus) and 17 extant primate species, to analyse Paranthropus chipping patterns in a broad comparative framework. Severity of fractures, position on the dentition, and overall prevalence were compared among species. The results indicate that both Paranthropus species had a lower prevalence of tooth fractures compared to other fossil hominin species (P. boisei: 4%; P. robustus: 11%; Homo naledi: 37%; Australopithecus africanus: 17%; Homo neanderthalensis: 45%; Epipalaeolithic Homo sapiens: 29%); instead, their frequencies are similar to apes that masticate hard items in a non-regular frequency, including chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas (4%, 7% and 9% respectively). The prevalence is several times lower than in extant primates known to habitually consume hard items, such as sakis, mandrills, and sooty mangabeys (ranging from 28% to 48%). Comparative chipping analysis suggests that both Paranthropus species were unlikely habitual hard object eaters, at least compared to living durophage analogues.

scholarly journals Hominin Femur finding from Banjarejo: Its morphological character and taxonomical position

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
Sofwan Noerwidi ◽  
Rusyad Adi Suriyanto ◽  
Ashwin Prayudi ◽  
Harry Widianto
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Homo Erectus ◽  
Homo Heidelbergensis ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Homo Neanderthalensis ◽  
Australopithecus Africanus ◽  
External Feature ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Taxonomical Position

Recently, Banjarejo became an important prehistoric site for Quaternary research because of its significant faunal and hominin remains. This study aims to describe a new finding of the hominin femur specimen from the site and its taxonomical position in human evolution. The specimen was identified by morphological and metric descriptions of the external feature of the femur. Then, comparative study to Homo erectus (n=2), Homo neanderthalensis (n=8), Homo heidelbergensis (n=1), prehistoric Homo sapiens (n=44), Australopithecus africanus (n=1), Paranthropus robustus (n=2), also non-human primate including Pongo (n=1), Macaca (n=1) and Gibbon (n=1) using bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis presented the specimen in the evolutionary perspective. This study shows the morphological and metric character of Banjarejo specimen located between Homo erectus and prehistoric Homo sapiens population sample. Further study should be addressed to investigate the cultural and chronological context of the hominin specimen.

Readjustment of the Standard ASUDAS to Encompass Dental Morphological Variations in Plio-Pleistocene Hominins

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 32-48
Author(s):  
M. Louail ◽  
S. Prat
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
State University ◽  
Arizona State University ◽  
Dental Anthropology ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Fossil Hominins ◽  
Fossil Hominin

The standard ASUDAS scoring system (Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System) is used to assess dental morphological variations in modern humans. It is also frequently used to study, score, and compare morphological variations in fossil hominin taxa and to examine their phylogenetic relationships. However, using ASUDAS in studies of this type is under debate because it is based on modern Homo sapiens populations and does not appear to cover all variations observed in fossil Plio-Pleistocene homi- nins. Our observations and coding of 178 dentals casts of Plio-Pleistocene specimens based on ASUDAS and from the literature have confirmed the need to adapt the standard system to fossil hominins. In this initial study, we propose that the scoring procedures for some morphological characters need to be readjusted, while others could be standardized following the ASUDAS system.

Neanderthals and modern humans

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Ayala ◽  
Camilo J. Cela-Conde
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Homo Neanderthalensis ◽  
Modern Mind ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Mode 3

This chapter deals with the similarities and differences between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens, by considering genetic, brain, and cognitive evidence. The genetic differentiation emerges from fossil genetic evidence obtained first from mtDNA and later from nuclear DNA. With high throughput whole genome sequencing, sequences have been obtained from the Denisova Cave (Siberia) fossils. Nuclear DNA of a third species (“Denisovans”) has been obtained from the same cave and used to define the phylogenetic relationships among the three species during the Upper Palaeolithic. Archaeological comparisons make it possible to advance a four-mode model of the evolution of symbolism. Neanderthals and modern humans would share a “modern mind” as defined up to Symbolic Mode 3. Whether the Neanderthals reached symbolic Mode 4 remains unsettled.

Hominin transition to Upper Pliocene

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Ayala ◽  
Camilo J. Cela-Conde
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Australopithecus Afarensis ◽  
Phylogenetic Significance ◽  
Homo Neanderthalensis ◽  
Surprising Discovery

This chapter analyzes the transition of the hominins from the Middle Pleistocene to the Late Pleistocene. Two alternative models are explored, the “Multiregional Hypothesis” (MH) and the “Replacement Hypothesis,” and how each model evaluates the existing relationships between the taxa Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. Next is the investigation of the transitional (or “archaic,” if this grade is taken into account) exemplars found in Europe, Africa, and Asia and their evolutionary significance. In particular, the comparison between H. erectus and H. sapiens in China and Java is investigated, as the main foundation of the MH. The chapter ends with the surprising discovery of Homo floresiensis and its description and interpretations concerning its taxonomic and phylogenetic significance. The correlation between brain development and technological progress is at odds with the attribution of perforators, microblades, and fishing hooks to a hominin with a small cranial volume, similar to that of Australopithecus afarensis.

scholarly journals Root grooves on two adjacent anterior teeth of Australopithecus africanus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Towle ◽  
Joel D. Irish ◽  
Marina Elliott ◽  
Isabelle De Groote
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Dental Erosion ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Dental Tissue ◽  
Australopithecus Africanus ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Anterior Teeth ◽  
Fossil Hominin

AbstractTooth root grooves and other ante-mortem dental tissue loss not associated with caries found on or near the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) are commonly termed non-carious cervical lesions. Three main processes are implicated in forming these lesions: abrasion, dental erosion, and abfraction. As yet, these lesions have not been described in non-Homo hominins. In this study South African fossil hominin collections were examined for evidence of any type of non-carious cervical lesion. Only one individual shows ante-mortem root grooves consistent with non-carious cervical lesions. Two teeth, a mandibular right permanent lateral incisor (STW 270) and canine (STW 213), belonging to the same Australopithecus africanus individual, show clear ante-mortem grooves on the labial root surface. These lesions start below the CEJ, extend over a third of the way toward the apex, and taper to a point towards the lingual side. Microscopic examination revealed no clear directional striations. The shape of these grooves is extremely similar to clinical examples of dental erosion, with the lack of striations supporting this diagnosis. These are the oldest hominin examples of non-carious cervical lesions and first described in a genus other than Homo; further, the lesions suggest that this individual regularly consumed or processed acidic food items.

scholarly journals Arguments that Prehistorical and Modern Humans Belong to the Same Species

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Kühne
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Homo Erectus ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Homo Neanderthalensis ◽  
Out Of Africa

I argue that the evidence of the Out-of-Africa hypothesis and the evidence of multiregional evolution of prehistorical humans can be understood if there has been interbreeding between Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens at least during the preceding 700,000 years. These interbreedings require descendants who are capable of reproduction and therefore parents who belong to the same species. I suggest that a number of prehistorical humans who are at present regarded as belonging to different species belong in fact to one single species.  

scholarly journals Innovative technologies and living spaces; Updated living standards according to the evolution of homo sapiens

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-108
Author(s):  
Alp Karaca
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Social Life ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
The One

Homosapiens is the common family name for contemporary human beings. There are different kinds of homo species but the most recent one with the most improved abilities are human beings of the present era, who have adapted themselves to the new technologies and life conditions by improving themselves. The substantial improvements in technology started with the French Revolution in 1799. Initially, technology helped human beings in the production and industry sectors. Thereafter, in the 1990s, technology penetrated living spaces, firstly helping with household duties and then impacting social life, first with the radio and later with the television. Living spaces started to change through the organisation of spaces, and most houses were organised according to location reserved for the television. This is the biggest change brought about by technology in living spaces. The expectations of human beings were on the rise simultaneously with economic welfare and consumption-based demands. In the 2000s, phyisical limitations occurred, while expectations increased even more. These were constraints over time, materials and economy, and the solution came from technology via virtual reality and generated cyber spaces, which were without limits, economical and surpassed the built environments. Due to the lack of physical conditions, built envionments ceded their place to virtual living spaces and virtual cities. In the present study, data collection was undertaken via a study of innovations within living spaces and also via an observation of social lives within living spaces. The present article aims to present what can be foreseen, on the basis of cause and effect, concerning the impacts of the current evolution on the one hand and massive outbreaks of viruses on the other hand, the impacts on the physical spaces of the homosapiens species that have succeeded in adapting to all the changes that they have come across from their beginnings until the present era, the impacts that both phenomena will have on the current living standards and living spaces of humans and what changes human living spaces will undergo in the ongoing process of evolution. Human beings will continue renewing themselves throughout the said phenomena before concluding their process of evolution.   Keywords: Innovative, technology, living spaces, living standards, homosapiens.

A portrait of the person as an ancient artist

2006 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
John G. F. Wilks
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
Artistic Expression ◽  
Artistic Creativity ◽  
Homo Neanderthalensis ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Creative Methods ◽  
Human Creativity ◽  
Genesis 1 ◽  
Artistic Merit

This article explores the implications of personhood from artistic creativity. An investigation of the models of divine creative methods portrayed in Genesis 1 suggests that human creativity is comparable to that employed by God on days 5 and 6, where the waters and the earth are reshaped to produce something new. Consideration of Paleolithic rock art shows just how ancient artistic expression is, and that it is something unique to Homo sapiens, with no evidence that Homo neanderthalensis was artistically creative. The importance of artistic creativity within a community has further implications for our investigation of personhood. Even if the artistic merit of the art produced is far short of great, the desire to express oneself artistically is widespread.

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