Conclusion: Japan’s Search for a New Direction in Peacekeeping

First, this chapter will briefly review the contents of each previous chapter. Chapter 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_2 examined the historical background from the immediate aftermath of World War II to the establishment of the Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Act in 1992. Chapter 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_3 considered the evolution of Japan’s peacekeeping policy under the PKO Act from 1992 to 2012. Chapter 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_4 investigated the transformation of Japan’s peacekeeping policy under the second Abe administration, especially during the period from 2013 to 2017. Chapters 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_5, 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_6, 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_7, and 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_8 considered the cases of Cambodia, East Timor, Haiti, and South Sudan respectively. Second, this chapter will analyze the consequences of Japan’s pursuit of the trends of “robustness” and “integration.” Third, we will consider possible explanations behind the withdrawal of the Japan Engineering Groups from South Sudan in 2017. Fourth, we will demonstrate that troop deployment to the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs) has become commonly difficult for the Global North countries, causing a shift in focus away from personnel contributions to more material UNPKO commitments. Fourth, this chapter will illustrate how the Global North is still trying to make personnel contributions to UNPKOs wherever possible. Lastly, we will discuss what Japan can do from now on in its peacekeeping policy, or more broadly its International Peace Cooperation commitment.

Zambia troop deployment heralds election instability

Headline ZAMBIA: Troop deployment heralds election instability

The US–South Korea alliance: How the patron benefits from the protégé

Since the end of World War II, the US military has continuously deployed troops to South Korea. The alliance works as an asymmetrical alliance, where the US is a patron and South Korea is a protégé. While it is argued that this deployment has significant political, economic, and military effects on South Korea and the region, few studies have examined how the presence of US forces there enhances US military and economic power as well as national security interests. In this paper, we examine the costs and benefits of the US–South Korea alliance, specifically focusing on US troop deployment on the Korean Peninsula. In particular, we argue that the US military alliance with South Korea has significant benefits to both partners, but particularly for the sake of US national security interests. In this sense, the protégé state provides significant benefits to the patron state. We discuss the strategic importance of South Korea in US foreign policy in the region and emphasize the benefits of the US–South Korea alliance at the various levels.

Ethiopian troops in Somalia will raise tensions

Headline ETHIOPIA/SOMALIA: Troop deployment will raise tensions

Providing for Global Security

A fundamental question facing global governance today is whether the UN peacekeeping regime can function with enough skilled troops to execute increasingly demanding and complicated mandates. The People’s Republic of China is informally thought of as a potential lead troop-contributing country. China typically deploys non-combat enabler troops, and recently began deploying combat troops, which may have to engage in live fire to defend the mandate. The risks and costs associated with dispatching combat troops challenge the benefits that China derives from supporting peacekeeping. I first establish China’s feedback mechanisms to facilitate simple and complex learning against China’s peacekeeping trajectory and motivations for participation. I then address the implications of China’s combat troop deployment, focusing on the UN Multidimensional Stabilization Mission in Mali and the UN Mission in South Sudan. The article draws insights from interviews with Chinese foreign policy elites and UN officials, and participant observation at the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations.

‘Duties In Aid of the Civil Power’: The Deployment of the Army to Glasgow, 31 January to 17 February 1919

On 31 January 1919 a demonstration in Glasgow in support of an unofficial strike for a 40-hour working week descended into violence, the ‘Battle of George Square’, probably set off by an ill-judged police baton charge. Troops called by the Sheriff of Lanarkshire began to arrive late that evening, and six tanks arrived on the following Monday. The ‘Battle’ and the subsequent military deployment have entered the mythology of Scottish socialism and, more recently, of Scottish nationalism. The strike had an overtly political aim: to force the Government to step in to regulate industry. Many in government believed that it had a more profoundly political, or even revolutionary aim. No detailed account of the troop deployment has yet been written, and in this gap mythology has flourished. This paper is intended to fill that gap and to challenge the myths.

THE ROLE OF ASSISTANT GENERAL TO SUPPORT AND STRENGTHEN BATTLE OPERATIONS OF INFANTRY BRIGADE UNITS

<p><em>ABSTRACT - This conceptual paper proposes a model theory of applying strategic management to the field of personnel resource management. When a country is about to engage in war, one very important thing to understand is the characteristic of the war. In peacetime, the armed forces must prepare for wartime. No two wars are identical, because war is produced by The Paradoxical Trinity. Therefore, the big question is: what is the function and role of Adjutant General corps in this increasingly multidimensional war? The recruitment of adjutant general personnel can no longer rely solely on officers and staff and civil servants on the basis of qualifications as drafted in the Conception of the Adjutant General Transformation in order to support the basic tasks and functions of Army. The Adjutant General corps will also need officers and staff who have experience in the war </em><em>a</em><em>nd staff who have comprehensive analysis skill that includes the three elements of war in The Paradoxical Trinity. This means that Adjutant General should have a specialty in accurately analysing personnel’s capabilities. The main advantage of this scheme is allowing higher vigilance to anticipate war. The ability to receive data and then process it will affect the strength of the army as a whole. Upon this conclusion it is recommended to establish a new sub directorate which functions are to collect information on legislation, daily orders; organizing, inspecting, controlling, and mobilizing troops, military punishment, desertions and rotation of troops to then analyse it for the purpose of providing reports and suggestions for personnel/troop deployment, logistics and movements at headquarters and users. The breadth of this function will result in the importance of the improvement of the competence and position of the Directorate of Adjutant General from Brigadier General to Major General.</em></p>