Water Carrying Capacity Evaluation Method Based on Cloud Model Theory and an Evidential Reasoning Approach

The scientific and reasonable evaluation of the carrying capacity of water resources is of guiding significance for solving the issues of water resource shortages and pollution control. It is also an important method for realizing the sustainable development of water resources. Aiming at an evaluation of the carrying capacity of water resources, an evaluation model based on the cloud model theory and evidential reasoning approach is studied. First, based on the existing indicators, a water resources evaluation index system based on the pressure-state-response (PSR) model is constructed, and a classification method of carrying capacity grade is designed. The cloud model theory is used to realize the transformation between the measured value of indicators and the degree of correlation. Second, to obtain the weight of the evaluation index, the weight method of the index weights model based on the entropy weight method and evidential reasoning approach is proposed. Then, the reliability distribution function of the evaluation index and the graded probability distribution of the carrying capacity of water resources are obtained by an evidential reasoning approach. Finally, the evaluation method of the carrying capacity of water resources is constructed, and specific steps are provided. The proposed method is applied to the evaluation of water resources carrying capacity for Hunan Province, which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the method proposed in the present study. This paper applies this method of the evaluation of the water resources carrying capacity of Hunan Province from 2010 to 2019. It is concluded that the water resources carrying capacity of Hunan Province belongs to III~V, which is between the critical state and the strong carrying capacity state. The carrying capacity of the province’s water resources is basically on the rise. This shows that the carrying capacity of water resources in Hunan Province is in good condition, and corresponding protective measures should be taken to continue the current state.

Symmetry and asymmetry between inferences between disjunctions and conditionals

How people make inferences between disjunctions and conditionals is a current important question that can test existing main psychological accounts (mental logic, the probabilistic approach, the original and revised mental model theory) for propositional reasoning. In order to test these accounts, one experiment investigated how relations (material implication, subcontrariety, contradiction, and contrariety) between two basic components (A and C) in disjunctions (e.g., A or C; not-A or C) and conditionals (e.g., if not-A then C; if A then C) and inference directions (disjunction-to-conditional versus conditional-to-disjunction) between disjunctions and their corresponding conditionals affect human inferences between both. It was found that participants’ inferences were symmetric between the two inference directions in compatible relations and incompatible relations where two basic components were on different dimensions, but not in the other relations. Which of the two inference directions was easier depended on relations between two basic components, because some relations tended to elicit particular interpretations of premises and conclusions, or belief biases. The present overall response pattern is beyond all the existing accounts for inferences between disjunctions and conditionals. Inferences between disjunctions and conditionals are complex and so there may not be a unified account for them.

BAURAN KOMUNIKASI PEMASARAN TOKO ANGENTYAS DI KABUPATEN TEMANGGUNG (DESKRIPTIF KUALITATIF BAURAN KOMUNIKASI PEMASARAN TOKO ANGENTYAS DI KABUPATEN TEMANGGUNG)

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan bauran komunikasi pemasaran yang dilakukan oleh toko Angentyas di Kabupaten Temanggung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Selanjutnya data yang diperoleh diolah dan dianalisis menggunakan teori pengetahuan persuasi (persuasion knowledge model theory) serta bauran komunikasi pemasaran (marketing communication mix). Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa bauran komunikasi pemasaran yang dilakukan oleh Toko Angentyas berhasil dalam meningkatkan penjualan produk peralatan rumah tangga dengan menggunakan teori pengetahuan pengalaman owner dalam merintis usaha, dengan pengalaman berbelanja online membuat mereka terus mendalami e-commerce guna memajukan bisnis. Toko Angentyas berusaha menerapkan bauran pemasaran (marketing mix) 7P, yakni: 1) Product (produk). 2) Price (harga). 3) Place (tempat). 4) Promotion (promosi) dengan menerapkan promotion mix seperti Advertising (periklanan), Sales promotion (promosi penjualan), Direct marketing (pemasaran langsung), Public relation (hubungan masyarakat), Internet marketing (pemasaran melalui internet). 5) People (partisipan/orang). 6) Process (proses). 7) Physical evidence (lingkungan fisik).Kata kunci: Teori Pengetahuan Persuasi, Bauran Komunikasi Pemasaran, Bauran Promosi, Toko Angentyas

On Jonsson varieties and quasivarieties

In this paper, new objects of research are identified, both from the standpoint of model theory and from the standpoint of universal algebra. Particularly, the Jonsson spectra of the Jonsson varieties and the Jonsson quasivarieties are considered. Basic concepts of 3 types of convexity are given: locally convex theory, ϕ(x)-convex theory, J-ϕ(x)-convex theory. Also, the inner and outer worlds of the model of the class of theories are considered. The main result is connected with the question of W. Forrest, which is related to the existential closed ness of an algebraically closed variety. This article gives a sufficient condition for a positive answer to this question.

Modellierung von Regenereignissen in urbanen Gebieten mit dem hochauflösenden, numerischen Modell MITRAS

<p>Durch den globalen Klimawandel verändert sich der Niederschlag und vielerorts wird eine Zunahme von Starkregenereignissen festgestellt. Gleichzeitig werden in urbanen Gebieten durch den steigenden Flächenbedarf zusätzlich Flächen versiegelt. Diese beiden Effekte zusammen erhöhen den Oberflächenabfluss, was zu einem Anstieg des Risikos lokaler Überflutungen im urbanen Raum führt. Somit steigt der Bedarf an verschiedenen Anpassungsszenarien für Städte an den veränderten Niederschlag.</p> <p>Der Anstieg der Rechenkapazitäten erlaubt mittlerweile hochauflösende Modellsimulationen (<10 m horizontale Auflösung) unter Berücksichtigung von meteorologischen Prozessen, wie den Stadteinflüssen auf die Wolken- und Niederschlagsdynamik. Damit kann der Einfluss von verschiedenen Anpassungsszenarien im urbanen Raum auf die im Stadtgebiet zwischen und auf Gebäuden auftretende Niederschlagsmenge mit einem numerischen Modell quantifiziert werden.</p> <p>Aufgrund der Größe eines hochaufgelösten Modellgebietes passiert ein Regenereignis das Modellgebiet in kurzer Zeit, ohne dass sich Wolken bei einer advektiven Situation im Modellgebiet voll entwickeln können. Daher werden die mit dem mikroskaligen, hindernissauflösenden Transport- und Strömungsmodell MITRAS (Salim et al. 2019) durchgeführten Modellrechnungen mit Informationen über Regenereignisse, die sich bereits außerhalb des Modellgebietes bilden, angetrieben (Nudging Methode). Dazu werden in MITRAS die Daten eines X-Band Radars mit einer 100 m räumlichen und 30 s zeitlichen Auflösung verwendet.</p> <p>In diesem Beitrag wird der Nudging-Ansatz beschrieben und die Ergebnisse der Evaluierung mit verschiedenen synoptischen Grundbedingungen für ein Testgebiet in Hamburg präsentiert.</p> <p> </p> <p>Salim M.H, Schlünzen K.H., Grawe D., Boettcher M., Gierisch A.M.U., Fock B.H. (2018): The microscale obstacle-resolving meteorological model MITRAS v2.0: model theory. Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3427–3445, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3427-2018.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Beitrag zum Exzellenzcluster „CLICCS - Klima, Klimawandel und Gesellschaft“, Beitrag zu dem Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit (CEN) an der Universität Hamburg</em></p>

Leininger Theory Development through Mentoring Students and Community-Leaders in Preventing the Spread of COVID-19

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic requires everyone to behave in a healthy way and prevent the spread of the virus in very simple ways such as wearing a mask, keeping a distance, preventing crowds, washing hands and there is also a behavior to do a rapid or swab if you want to leave the area, but this behavior is partly Most people have not behaved optimally to prevent the spread of the virus. The solution that can be done is a community approach with the development of the Leininger model theory carried out by the surrounding community and assistance from FKK Unusa students. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze the development of a community-based Leininger nursing theory model through mentoring Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery Unusa students and community leaders to prevent the spread of Covid-19 in East Java. Methods: Research design using explanatory which aims to explain the causal relationship between variables. The research population is the community around the residence of the students of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery and community leaders with a sample size of 30% of the population, the sampling technique used is proportional sampling. The instruments used were questionnaires and observations. The independent variable is the development of the Leininger model theory, while the dependent variable is the degree of public health. Variables were analyzed descriptively on each variable and then analyzed by t-test to determine the difference between the independent variable and the dependent variable with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that there were differences before and after mentoring students with community leaders regarding the development of the Leinenger theory model and the degree of public health. The results of the statistical test with the results obtained sig = 0.000 < 0.05 probability means that there is a difference before and after the companion on the development of the Leinengre theory model with the degree of public health. The statistical test results obtained sig = 0.000 < 0.05 probability, which means that there is a difference in the development of Leininger's nursing theory model with the degree of public health with the assistance of Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery Unusa students and community leaders in East Java. Conclusion: There are differences in knowledge, attitudes, behavior and degrees of public health before and after mentoring students with community leaders to prevent the spread of Covid 19.

Model-Theoretic Accounts of Logical Consequence - Themes from Etchemendy

<p>This thesis is a discussion and continuation of a project started by John Etchemendy with his criticism of Tarski's account of logical consequence. To this end the two central concepts of the thesis are those of an interpretational and representational model-theoretic account of logical consequence, respectively. The first chapter introduces Etchemendy's criticism of Tarski's account of logical consequence, a criticism which turns essentially on an interpretation of Tarski according to which his proposed account gives rise to a purely interpretational model-theoretic account of logical consequence. Consequently there must be a representational aspect to our model-theoretic definition of logical consequence. The second chapter introduces Etchemendy's notion of logical consequence: that of being truth preserving in virtue of the semantics of the involved terms. While this notion is representational, we argue that Etchemendy's notion of a categorematic treatment of terms reintroduces an interpretational aspect back into the model theory. The chapter investigates the resulting notion, compares it to other notions in the literature, and presents certain results that can be proved, under certain conditions, about this notion in relation to the notion of being truth preserving in virtue of the semantics of all terms. Chapter three of the thesis is concerned with the question of how a standard model, seen as a domain and an interpretation function, manages to capture the different notions of model-theoretic consequence. As we explain, this question is most pressing when we want our models to both represent and interpret, and we will present a theory which allows us to see the models as both representing non-actual possibilities as well as provide interpretations for the terms. The fourth chapter applies the lessons of the preceeding chapters to argue that Kripke Semantics can be seen as capturing the notion of being truth preserving in all possibilities under all interpretations of the non-logical terminology in the case where our language is augmented with an operator, ⃞, to represent logical necessity. We will argue this point by contrasting it with, though not necessarily disagreeing with, claims made by various authors to the effect that Kripke Semantics is not the appropriate semantics when our language contains an operator for logical necessity.</p>

Model-Theoretic Accounts of Logical Consequence - Themes from Etchemendy

<p>This thesis is a discussion and continuation of a project started by John Etchemendy with his criticism of Tarski's account of logical consequence. To this end the two central concepts of the thesis are those of an interpretational and representational model-theoretic account of logical consequence, respectively. The first chapter introduces Etchemendy's criticism of Tarski's account of logical consequence, a criticism which turns essentially on an interpretation of Tarski according to which his proposed account gives rise to a purely interpretational model-theoretic account of logical consequence. Consequently there must be a representational aspect to our model-theoretic definition of logical consequence. The second chapter introduces Etchemendy's notion of logical consequence: that of being truth preserving in virtue of the semantics of the involved terms. While this notion is representational, we argue that Etchemendy's notion of a categorematic treatment of terms reintroduces an interpretational aspect back into the model theory. The chapter investigates the resulting notion, compares it to other notions in the literature, and presents certain results that can be proved, under certain conditions, about this notion in relation to the notion of being truth preserving in virtue of the semantics of all terms. Chapter three of the thesis is concerned with the question of how a standard model, seen as a domain and an interpretation function, manages to capture the different notions of model-theoretic consequence. As we explain, this question is most pressing when we want our models to both represent and interpret, and we will present a theory which allows us to see the models as both representing non-actual possibilities as well as provide interpretations for the terms. The fourth chapter applies the lessons of the preceeding chapters to argue that Kripke Semantics can be seen as capturing the notion of being truth preserving in all possibilities under all interpretations of the non-logical terminology in the case where our language is augmented with an operator, ⃞, to represent logical necessity. We will argue this point by contrasting it with, though not necessarily disagreeing with, claims made by various authors to the effect that Kripke Semantics is not the appropriate semantics when our language contains an operator for logical necessity.</p>