scholarly journals Conclusion: Japan’s Search for a New Direction in Peacekeeping

2022 ◽  
pp. 165-187
Author(s):  
Hiromi Nagata Fujishige ◽  
Yuji Uesugi ◽  
Tomoaki Honda
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Troop Deployment ◽  
Global North

AbstractFirst, this chapter will briefly review the contents of each previous chapter. Chapter 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_2 examined the historical background from the immediate aftermath of World War II to the establishment of the Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Act in 1992. Chapter 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_3 considered the evolution of Japan’s peacekeeping policy under the PKO Act from 1992 to 2012. Chapter 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_4 investigated the transformation of Japan’s peacekeeping policy under the second Abe administration, especially during the period from 2013 to 2017. Chapters 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_5, 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_6, 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_7, and 10.1007/978-3-030-88509-0_8 considered the cases of Cambodia, East Timor, Haiti, and South Sudan respectively. Second, this chapter will analyze the consequences of Japan’s pursuit of the trends of “robustness” and “integration.” Third, we will consider possible explanations behind the withdrawal of the Japan Engineering Groups from South Sudan in 2017. Fourth, we will demonstrate that troop deployment to the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKOs) has become commonly difficult for the Global North countries, causing a shift in focus away from personnel contributions to more material UNPKO commitments. Fourth, this chapter will illustrate how the Global North is still trying to make personnel contributions to UNPKOs wherever possible. Lastly, we will discuss what Japan can do from now on in its peacekeeping policy, or more broadly its International Peace Cooperation commitment.

scholarly journals The Historical Background to Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy from the Early Postwar Era to the Establishment of the PKO Act 1945–1992

2022 ◽  
pp. 21-38
Author(s):  
Hiromi Nagata Fujishige ◽  
Yuji Uesugi ◽  
Tomoaki Honda
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Gulf Crisis ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
The Cold War

AbstractIn this chapter, we will review the evolution of Japan’s peacekeeping policy from the immediate aftermath of Japan’s defeat in 1945 to the enactment of the Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Act in 1992. In the first section, we will look at the historical background during the postwar period (in this book, the term “postwar” denotes the period in Japan from its defeat in World War II in 1945 to the end of the Cold War in around 1990), including the rise of anti-militarism, the hidden rearmament, the establishment of the de facto ban on overseas military dispatch, the rejection of the UN’s request for the Self-Defense Forces’ (SDF’s) deployment to a United Nations Peacekeeping Operation (UNPKO) and the aborted plan to dispatch a minesweeper to the Persian Gulf. This section will also examine the Government of Japan’s legal standpoint about the possibility of SDF deployment to a UNPKO. In the second section, we will clarify how the Gulf Crisis/War in 1990–1991 made Japan abandon the taboo against overseas military dispatch. Then, we will review the course of the challenging lawmaking process of the PKO Act, which was finally passed in June 1992. Lastly, we will see the restrictions inserted into the PKO Act, such as the so-called Five Principles.

2. Historical background

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhona K. M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
International Human

This chapter provides an historical sketch of international human rights. It considers the divergent views as to the origins of human rights, and suggests that human rights represent the modern interpretation and an expansion of the traditional concept of the rule of law. The chapter discusses the law of aliens; diplomatic laws; the laws of war; slavery; minority rights; the establishment of the International Labour Organization; and human rights protection after World War II.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Legitimacy in Sovereign Debt Restructuring

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odette Lienau
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
World War ◽  
Debt Restructuring ◽  
Political Complexity ◽  
Investment Treaty

57 Harvard International Law Journal 151-214 (2016)Since the emergence of the post-World War II international economic system, policymakers have lamented the absence of a global sovereign debt restructuring mechanism. This disappointment has only intensified in recent years, as the failure to provide prompt, comprehensive, and lasting debt relief becomes even more apparent. As a result, scholars and key international actors have argued for the development of a more coherent global approach to debt workouts. But to date this discussion lacks a sustained focus on questions of legitimacy — a fact that is exceptionally puzzling in light of the voluminous scholarship on the legitimacy deficits of international economic institutions once they have been established.This Article bridges that gap, arguing that serious attention should be paid to these questions in advance of negotiating a possible debt workout mechanism, and considering what such attentiveness might mean in practice. It highlights the political complexity and distributional ramifications of legitimacy arguments, and develops an analytical framework for understanding the concept along with a preliminary application to the debt restructuring context. It then analyzes the institutional and historical background of debt restructuring in light of this typology, and assesses how domestic insolvency regimes and investment treaty arbitrations incorporate features purported to advance legitimacy. Finally, the Article considers how a future debt workout institution might respond to calls for legitimacy — based on its initial establishment, ongoing processes, and final outcomes — and briefly discusses existing proposals and likely political obstacles in light of these themes. In foregrounding these concerns, this Article draws attention to issues and controversies that will likely be relevant for some time, and contends that the tensions, distributional issues, and power dynamics implicated in questions of legitimacy should inform negotiations on any sovereign debt workout mechanism going forward.

Against the Yellowwashing of Israel: The BDS Movement and Liberatory Solidarities across Settler States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace Fujikane
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Pacific Islanders ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
World War ◽  
Alternative Evaluation ◽  
Starting Point

Following the focus on Palestine in the previous chapter, Chapter 9 takes as a critical starting point the complicit relationship Asian American politicians such as Senator Daniel Inouye shared with Israel. Such complicit “yellowwashing,” which involves a strategic remembrance of World War II–era Japanese American incarceration, presages Fujikane’s alternative evaluation of “liberatory solidarities” between Pacific Islanders and Palestinians.

THE POLITICAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 1989 GDR REFUGEES PASSING THROUGH HUNGARY

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-16
Author(s):  
Stelian TAMPU
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
German Nation

Raising awareness on the political-historical background of the popular movements of the 20th century is very important because behind the stories there were often ill-considered political decisions. It is interesting to see how the last century leaders of the great powers represented their self-interests, and what political games they had developed to achieve their political goals. The interests of nations living in countries were often not interesting to take into consideration. The Soviet Union was not a nation-state, but neither was the United States of America, while at that time most of the European states were nationstates, and along this were nations that sought to assert their national interests, by force when necessary. However, the post-World War II political settlements did not serve the interests of the German nation, but divided its population and turned them against one other. This is why the movement of German citizens within Germany has occurred.

Key Issues for Training the Leaders, Managers, and Planners who Join the Peacekeeping Operations and Working in Chaos Environment

2014 ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Haydar Ateş
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Take The Best ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Host Nation

The importance of peacekeeping operations has been increasing for the last 65-70 years, especially after World War II (WWII). The main point for peacekeepers is to be ready to provent and/or solve the conflict in any part of the world. The UN, UN type peacekeeping organizations, and NGO's should be ready for these kinds of missions. The leaders, managers, and planners who join the peacemaking and peacekeeping operations must be educated and trained to be ready to work in chaos environment, ready for the mission and prepared to gain the confidence and support of the host nation. The first step is to analyze the region/country which has conflict. This chapter clarifies the important issues that must be taken care of in training peacekeeping leaders, managers, and planners. Peacekeeping leaders should have “peace-intelligence” to be effective while planning and conducting operation. This kind of leader may approach in proper way and can provide confidence of host nation and disputing parties to take the best result from the operation. One of the important parts of this issue is the lesson learned from other peacemaking and peacekeeping operations.

The Evolution of Shipboard Accommodations and Habitability Standards Aboard U. S. Merchant Ships

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 279-300
Author(s):  
Charles B. Cherrix ◽  
Eugene L. Coffman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
World War ◽  
Merchant Ship ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Practices

This paper discusses some current practices, future trends, and suggested improvements in U. S. merchant ship habitability. It develops some historical background, from the World War II Liberty, Victory, and T2 Tanker programs up through the present. Some future trends, such as two-room suites for officers and crew, as well as some thoughts on probable future crew work assignments are discussed.

The US–South Korea alliance: How the patron benefits from the protégé

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-117
Author(s):  
Sojeong Lee ◽  
Brandon Prins ◽  
Krista E. Wiegand
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
South Korea ◽  
National Security ◽  
World War ◽  
Us South ◽  
Military Alliance ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
Troop Deployment ◽  
Political Economic

Since the end of World War II, the US military has continuously deployed troops to South Korea. The alliance works as an asymmetrical alliance, where the US is a patron and South Korea is a protégé. While it is argued that this deployment has significant political, economic, and military effects on South Korea and the region, few studies have examined how the presence of US forces there enhances US military and economic power as well as national security interests. In this paper, we examine the costs and benefits of the US–South Korea alliance, specifically focusing on US troop deployment on the Korean Peninsula. In particular, we argue that the US military alliance with South Korea has significant benefits to both partners, but particularly for the sake of US national security interests. In this sense, the protégé state provides significant benefits to the patron state. We discuss the strategic importance of South Korea in US foreign policy in the region and emphasize the benefits of the US–South Korea alliance at the various levels.

scholarly journals Encrypted Astronomy, Astral Mythologies, and Ancient Mexican Studies in Austria, 1910-1945

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rohrbacher
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Main Section ◽  
World War ◽  
Astronomical Data ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
Post War ◽  
Austrian Studies

This paper examines the beginnings of Austrian studies on ancient Mexico by analyzing the work of Damian Kreichgauer and Friedrich Röck in the early twentieth century. Both argued that a priest elite intentionally “coded” astronomical data in ancient Mexican manuscripts. The first section of the article sheds light on the theoretical background of this interpretation. The main section, based on numerous archival sources, is dedicated to the deciphering procedure elaborated by Röck, the first director of the Ethnological Museum in Vienna (today Weltmuseum Wien). Since Röck’s method seemed to revolutionize the discipline, it gained a great deal of attention from German Nazi authorities. The final section deals with Röck’s student Karl Anton Nowotny, who elaborated an ethnographic approach of ancient Mexican studies in Austria after World War II. This study provides new insights into the historical background of post-war ancient Mexican studies in Austria.

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