THE INTENSITY OF CARBON UPTAKE BY FIELD CROPS, DEPENDING ON THE CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis and the intensity of this process depends on the solar radiation coming to this territory, the temperature regime, the availability of moisture and batteries. The amount of CO2 absorbed by plants is determined by the accumulated dry biomass or yield. The potential yield of field crops in production conditions is not always achieved. The paper presents the results of studies on the effect of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers on various types of soils with different moisture indicators on the formation of dry biomass by spring durum wheat. Field experiments were carried out on gray forest soils in 2005-2008, which occupy 43.7% of agricultural land in the Republic of Tatarstan and chernozems in 2001-2003, occupying 39.9%. The assimilation of mineral nutrition elements from soil and fertilizers by plants is influenced not only by the type of soil, but also by the availability of productive moisture. In the studies of 1984-1987, the effect of fertilizers and irrigation on the intensity of accumulation of dry biomass by spring durum wheat was studied. The use of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers on leached chernozems on average for 1984-1987 increased the accumulation of dry biomass of spring durum wheat by 45.6%, and in combination with irrigation by another 57.4%. In the experiments of 2001-2003, calculated doses of mineral fertilizers increased the accumulation of dry biomass by 20.7% on the chernozems of the Transcamian region of the Republic of Tatarstan, and by 13.6% on the gray forest soils of the Pre-Kama region in 2005-2008

Development of precision farming technologies

The research was carried out on the territory of the Vladimir Opolye (Suzdal, Russian Federation). For the experimental site, in the watershed part of the plakor terrain with a slope of < 1°, a soil map was compiled. Field studies were carried out in a long-term stationary field experiment measuring 86 m by 280 m with the total area of 2.41 hectares. Four tillage systems were studied in the experiment: 1. generally accepted dump-annual dump plowing; 2. combined-energy-saving-alternation of small non-fall treatments with dump plowing of perennial grasses; 3. combined-tier-alternation of small non-fall treatments with plowing with a long-line plow of perennial grasses; 4. anti-erosion-alternation of deep non-fall treatments with plowing of perennial grasses. The results showed a different reaction of soil to agrotechnological techniques. Gray forest soils with a second humus horizon have a higher potential fertility, the advantage of which when applying moderate doses of mineral fertilizers was 3.3-4.4 centners per hectare of grain units compared to the background gray forest soils. A further increase in the dose negates these differences. Deep soil loosening by 25-27 cm also shows the advantage of soils with a second humus horizon, the yield increases were 4.4-5.2 centners per hectare.

BIODIVERSITY OF EDAPHIC FAUNA IN GRAY FOREST SOILS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Gray forest soils of the natural ecosystems in the central and northern zones of the Republic of Moldova are the habitat and the source of conservation and reproduction of the edaphic fauna. They represent themselves the standards of the biodiversity for soil invertebrates. Invertebrates sampling was carried out from test cuts by manual sampling of soil layers to the depth of soil fauna occurrence. The main content of invertebrates in gray soils under the forest was in the layer of 0-20 cm. In addition to the Lumbricidae family there were found the species of the Clubionidae, Hydromiidae, Scarabaeidae, Oniscidae, Tortricidae, Julidae, Curculionidae, Carabidae, Geophilidae, Tenebrionidae, Melandryidae and Formicidae families. Species of Eisenia rosea, Euomphalia strigella, Formica rufa, Tortrix viridana, Curculio glandium, Melolontha melolontha and others have been identified in three subtypes of gray forest soils of natural ecosystems. The long use of these soils in agricultural production led to the considerable decrease in the number and biomass of invertebrates and degradation of the faunal complex in general. The number of families decreased from 6-12 to 1-3. Species of Lumbricidae, Elateridae, Tortricidae and Coccinellidae have been found in arable gray forest soils. The trophic pyramids are stable in the typical virgin gray soil. The relationship between trophic levels of the edaphic fauna in the typical gray forest soil is stronger in comparison with albic and molic gray forest soils.

Restoration of fertility of gray forest soil for management of intensive and organic agriculture

The scientific substantiation of the authors on the essence of reproduction of fertility of acid gray forest soils, its types and forms of manifestation, factors of increase and regulation under conditions of intensive and organic agriculture is presented. An in-depth analysis of the amount of humus in loamy soils, a set of agrotechnological measures and patterns aimed at preventing the degradation of acidic gray forest soils and protection of their fertility in the agrocenosis with different technologies for growing crops. The optimal parameters of humus content and reserves and ways to achieve at a consistently high level of basic nutrients in gray forest soils with organic and intensive use are determined. Based on many years of research, the main issues are considered and the effectiveness of action and aftereffects of periodic chemical reclamation in combination with organic and mineral fertilizers is proved, and the effectiveness of one and a half dose of ameliorant for long-term intensive mineral load in agrocenosis is substantiated. The comparative productivity of agrocenosis for III and IV rotation on gray forest soil for organic farming is given.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE APPLICATION OF MICROELEMENT ADDITIVES WHEN DEVELOPING MULTI-COMPONENT MELIORANTS FOR USE ON GRAY FOREST SOILS RYAZAN REGION

The specificity of the soil formation conditions of the gray forest soils of the Ryazan region predetermined the low content of some microelements (for example, cobalt and molybdenum) in them, which take an active part in metabolism and enzymatic reactions. Their shortage leads not only to a decrease in the yield, but also to a sharp deterioration in its quality. In case of their deficiency in the basic components of complex ameliorants, it is recommended to provide for their additional introduction into the fertilizer in the form of chelate complexes.