Quality of Pea Seeds and Agroecological Condition of Soil When Using Structured Water

The widespread use of water in crop production and agriculture is due to a significant increase in yields during the watering of agricultural crops, as well as the transfer of pesticides and mineral fertilizers to plants and soil by water. One of the ways to improve the quality of water used in crop production is to structure it. An urgent task is to study the effect of structured water delivered to agricultural crops by watering or spraying on the yield, quality of the resulting products and agroecological condition of the soil. Field studies on pea crops were conducted at experimental sites of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, laboratory studies were conducted in accredited laboratories for monitoring the quality, safety of feed and raw materials of the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillya of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and the testing centre of the Vinnytsia branch of the state institution “Institute of Soil Protection of Ukraine”. When watering peas with structured water, its yield increases by 42.3% compared to the version without water application and by 22.3% compared to the version with watering with plain water. Pea seeds when watered with structured water have a lower content of crude protein by 0.43 %, crude fat – by 0.09%, crude ash – by 0.63%, but a higher content of crude fibre by 0.11% and nitrogen-free extractives – by 0.99% compared to the version without water. The content of humus in the soil, when watered with structured water, was lower than in the version without water by 0.04%, lightly hydrolysed nitrogen – by 8.0%, mobile phosphorus – by 20.0%, exchangeable potassium – by 7.9%, the reaction of the soil solution – by 0.2 pH, hydrolytic acidity – by 21.7%, the concentration of mobile lead – by 18.4%. However, the concentration of mobile cadmium increased by 43.8% and soil moisture – by 4.3%. When comparing the indicators of the agroecological state of the soil, which was watered with structured and plain water, it was found that watering with structured water reduces the content of humus by 0.03%, lightly hydrolysed nitrogen – by 2.3%, mobile phosphorus – by 20%, exchange potassium – by 9.7%, hydrolytic acidity – by 7.7%, the reaction of the soil solution – by 0.3 pH, but increases the content of mobile lead by 10.9%, mobile cadmium – by 25.0% and increases the moisture content in the soil – by 2.7%

Chicken droppings influence on sod-podzolic soil fertility change studying experience

The aim of the research was to study the effect of fresh chicken droppings on the dynamics of the physical-chemical and agrochemical properties of sod-podzolic soil and the yield of grain crops. In the sod-podzolic light loamy soil of the Yaroslavl region in the layer of 0-0.20 m in May, fresh chicken droppings were embedded at the dose of 120 t/ha. By autumn, in the 0-0.40 m layer of pHKc1 increased from 4.53-4.99 to 5.38-7.09, the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium increased by 2.0-2.4 times, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen - 3-5 times. The content of nitrates in the soil has exceeded the Maximum Allowable Concentration level. The grain yield of the spring wheat studied varieties, triticale and barley varied from 6.7 to 9.5 t/ha, chaffy oats - from 5.7 to 5.9, hulless oats - from 4.4 to 4.6 t/ha. At the beginning of the growing season of crops in the 0-0.40 m layer, the stocks of nitrate nitrogen were close to the stocks of the autumn observation period of 2019, and ammonium nitrogen decreased by 285 kg/ha.

Influence of using fertilizers on fertility indices of sod-podzolic soils and productivity of short-term crop rotation of Polissya

The influence of litter manure and straw as fertilizers in pure form and in combination with manure, green manure and mineral fertilizers on the content of humus and basic nutrients in sod-podzolic soil has been studied. A significant effect on the change of humus content on sod-podzolic soils depending on fertilizer systems has been established. The highest indicators of humus content in the soil were found in the variants with 40 t/ha of manure, 0.97–1.14% and 1.17–1.23%, respectively, and straw 4 t/ha in combination with lupine green manure — 0.94–1.15% and 1.16–1.25%. The most significant increase in humus content per rotation was observed in sidereal crop rotation, against the background without fertilizers the indicator increased by 0.05–0.29%, against the background of N40P40K120 application — by 0.03–0.21%, in crop rotation — 0.05–0.19% and 0.01-0.09%, respectively. Analyzing the dynamics of the content of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen, it was found that the greatest growth both at the beginning and at the end of crop rotation provided options with the introduction of 40 t/ha of manure (+69…+85 mg/kg of soil), 4 t/ha of straw with half dose of manure (+63…+82 mg/kg of soil) and straw with green manure (+71…+80 mg/kg of soil). The application of manure, straw and plowing of green manures contributed to the increase of the content of mobile phosphorus compounds from 9 to 69 mg/kg of soil on the background without fertilizers and 38 to 67 mg/kg of soil on the background N40P40K120. The combination of straw with manure and straw with green manure for the application of mineral fertilizers helped to increase the content of mobile phosphorus compounds to the level recorded in the variant for the application of 40 t/ha of manure, and in some versions of the experiment even exceed it. It was found that the deficit-free and positive balance of potassium for rotation of crop rotation and sidereal crop rotation was provided by variants with 4 t/ha of straw in combination with 20 t/ha of manure and 4 t/ha of straw in combination with lupine green manure against N40P40K120. Balances and productivity of arable land use in short-rotation crop rotations of Polissya are calculated. In crop rotation, the humus balance is negative for the alienation of lupine green mass for fodder. Variants with application of 10 t / ha of crop rotation area of manure (–0.03 t/ha) and 1 t/ha of straw with half dose of manure (–0.1 t/ha) on the background of N35P35K85 application allowed to get as close as possible to the deficit-free balance of humus. In sidereal crop rotation, a positive balance of humus is observed with the application of 10 t/ha of manure (+0.21…+0.29 t/ha), 1 t/ha of straw in combination with 5 t/ha of manure, 22 t/ha) and 1 t/ha of straw in combination with green manure (+0.09… +0.18 t/ha). Close to the deficit-free balance of humus is the option with the introduction of 1 t/ha of straw in its pure form. An alternative to manure in Polissya should be the use of straw in combination with green manure (including lupine), which will help preserve and reproduce the humus content in the soil, improve the balance of nutrients and increase the productivity of arable land in crop rotations.

PHOSPHATSOLUBILIZING BACTERIA OF THE GENUS PSEUDOMONAS AND THE EFFICIENCY OF THEIR APPLICATION TO INCREASE THE AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS

Phosphorus is the second most important element for plants after nitrogen. Fertilizers based on it, used to stimulate productivity, are inaccessible for most crops, which leads to their accumulation in the soil and environmental pollution. The use of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria increases the amount of phosphorus absorbed by plants. In most publications describing this group of bacteria, their effectiveness is assessed only in vitro by the halo zones formed on agar media with calcium orthophosphate. The aim of this study was to compare the solubilizing properties of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas on a solid nutrient medium, as well as in sand and soil. It was shown that all studied cultures of microorganisms are capable of solubilizing insoluble phosphate in Pikovskaya's medium. The most active strains were Pseudomonas laurentiana ANT 56 and Pseudomonas sp. IB 182, isolated from the activated sludge of biological treatment facilities and arable soil, respectively. Experiments with the introduction of strains showed that the amount of mobile phosphorus in the sand increased 2.6-3.8 times in two weeks (in the control 1.2 times), while in the experiment with soil, a significant increase in the content of mobile phosphorus compared to the control was recorded only for the strain P . laurentiana ANT 17 (by 29.1%). It is assumed that the high solubilizing activity of the P. laurentiana ANT 17 strain may be due to the complex action of mechanisms of different nature, including the synthesis of indolyl-3-acetic acid and exopolysaccharide. The studies carried out make it possible to consider this bacterial strain as a promising object for creating on its basis a biological preparation for agricultural purposes.

Impact of fertigation schema on yield and chemical composition of strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)

A frequent fertigation of garden strawberry with solute mineral fertiliser in accord with the plant growth phase allows a more efficient mineral nutrient absorption compared to a single application of larger fertiliser amount. Field studies on medium loam-granulometry sod-podzol soil in fruiting garden strawberry plantations were carried out for three years in the Moscow Region to evaluate the impact of fertigation regimes on strawberry yield and the main nutrient content in soil and plant leaves. In study setup, the control crop grew with a no-fertiliser drip irrigation, schema 1 included frequent (once in 3 days) mineral fertiliser drip application at 2-3 g/l, schema 2 — 4-6 g/l solution application twice less often (once in 6 days). Materials and methods. Yield was estimated by weight per plot area unit, plant samples analysed with conventional wet ashing. Nitrate nitrogen was determined in ionometry, exchangeable ammonium — in photocolourimetry, mobile phosphorus and potassium specimens — by the Kirsanov’s CINAO-modified method. The article presents registration data, averaged leaf chemical assays and content dynamics of major soil macronutrients over a three-year observation period. Conclusions. A significant increase in three-year total yield was observed with the mineral fertiliser fertigation schema in the Ducat strawberry cultivar; a supraoptimal phosphorus accumulation in leaves of the Rusich cultivar was facilitated by a less frequent application of concentrated fertiliser solution; a maximal nitrogen amount in Ducat leaves was observed with fractional fertigation; in a lower-yield season, concentrated mineral fertiliser fertigation contributed to the increase of mobile phosphorus and potassium specimens in soil in mid growing season. A greater correlation was observed between the soil content of mobile potassium and its uptake by strawberry plants.

Intensity of Soil Pollution by Toxic Substances Depending on the Degree of Its Washout

A significant degree of ploughness of agricultural lands of Ukraine has led to increased erosion and the creation of soils of varying degrees of washout, which leads to dehumification and contamination of soils with toxic substances. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to establish the features of horizontal migration and accumulation of heavy metals of lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc, trace elements of boron and manganese, radionuclides of caesium and strontium on podzolic heavy loamy chernozems with varying degrees of washout: non-eroded, weak and medium washout, conditioned by the development of erosion processes. During the study, spectrophotometric, colorimetric, gamma-spectrometric, and radiochemical methods were used to determine the content of toxic substances in the soil. The study results showed that on slightly washed soils, the content of humus is 12.9% less, easily hydrolysed nitrogen – 13.3%, mobile forms of phosphorus – 51.1%, mobile potassium – 34.9% less than on slightly washed soils. The humus content on medium-washed soil was 8.8% less than on lightly washed soil, easily hydrolysed nitrogen – 14.3% less, mobile phosphorus – 15.3% more, mobile potassium – 42.9% more. A strong horizontal migration of mobile lead forms in washed podzolic heavy loamy chernozem was established, which increases with increasing degree of soil washout with the content of mobile lead forms on medium-washed soil by 24% more than on non-eroded soil. The same dependence was established on the content of mobile forms of zinc in the soil, with their predominance on medium-washed soil by 17 %, compared to non-washed. The content of mobile forms of copper is lower on slightly washed soil, compared to non – washed soil by 5%, boron – 18.8% less on non-washed soil, compared to medium-washed, and the content of mobile forms of manganese increases by 3.3% from slightly to medium-washed soil. It was also found that the concentration of caesium decreased by 25.6% on medium-washed soils, compared to non-washed ones

Assessment of the dynamics of the main agrochemical indicators of irrigated chestnut soils under risk farming conditions in Stavropol

Irrigation is an important element of agricultural production in the arid conditions of the Stavropol Territory. The combination of irrigation, chemicalization and complex mechanization provides highly productive use of land that requires specific scientific support. The purpose of the research is to identify differences in the dynamics of the main agrochemical indicators (organic matter, pH, mobile phosphorus, mobile potassium) on irrigated and non-irrigated chestnut soils. The object of research is chestnut soils located in an extremely arid climatic zone of the Stavropol Territory. The data of complex monitoring of soil fertility in the Apanasenkovsky district were used as the source material. The data for the period from 1991 to 2020 were prepared by the staff of the State Center for Agrochemical Service “Stavropolsky”. The content of soil organic matter was determined by the Tyurin method in the modification of CINAO. Mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium were determined by the Machigin method in the modification of CINAO. The value of the hydrogen pH index of the aqueous suspension was determined by the potentiometric method. The content of organic matter in chestnut soils increased from 1.8 to 2.0–2.1% both on irrigated and non-irrigated lands. A tendency to leaching of irrigated lands by 0.2 units has been revealed; therefore, in this case, it is recommended to use chemical ameliorants. Moreover, on irrigation, an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus (from 0.8 to 4.0 mg/kg) compared to non-irrigated areas was revealed. The reason for this is the increased doses of phosphorus-containing fertilizers applied during irrigation. During the study period, the content of mobile potassium increased from 77 to 93 mg/kg irrigated chestnut soils compared to non-irrigated ones. The negative dynamics in the content of mobile potassium on irrigation was revealed. It amounted to 364 mg/kg (as of 2020), which is lower than the data of the previous survey period by 81 mk/kg. Particular attention should be paid to the use of potash fertilizers since there is increased removal of this element, despite the high potash potential of chestnut soils in the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory.

The Dynamics of the Reduction of Arable Land Areas According to their Long-term Monitoring in the Tomsk Region

The results of agroecological monitoring of arable and fallow lands are considered. It has been established that the content of humus and mobile phosphorus in the soils of the fallow, as well as the value of the salt pH, is lower than on arable land; mobile potassium is higher. This may be due to the migration of deposited potassium from the lower soil horizons into the humus horizon and its release from the absorbed state during the decomposition of organic matter. It was revealed that in fallow soils, the content of mobile phosphorus in the range of 150–600 mg/kg directly correlates with the value of salt pH (4–6 pH units), while this dependence is not observed on arable land.

Influence of multipurpose compost on agrochemical indicators of sod-podzolic soil and crop productivity in reclaimed agricultural landscapes

The aim of the research is to study the effect of multipurpose compost on the agrochemical indicators of sod-podzolic soil and the productivity of field crop rotation in reclaimed agricultural landscapes of the humid zone. Methodology and methods of research. The studies were carried out at an experimental area in the Tver region in 2013–2019 on a drained soddy-podzolic gley soil. Multipurpose compost was applied for sowing spring wheat at a dose of 12 t/ha, which is N300P180K120. Subsequently, the aftereffect of compost on soil properties and crop productivity in the crop rotation was studied: spring wheat – spring rapeseed (for green manure) – winter rye - oats with over-sowing of grasses – a mixture of 1–3 years of use. Grain crop rotation was deployed in time. Results. It was found that the level of mobile phosphorus increased by 7.4–23 %, exchangeable potassium – by 6.8–26.5 %. In areas with a low content of nutrients, the accumulation of mobile phosphorus (in the eluvial-transit variant of the northern slope) and exchangeable potassium (in the transit northern slope) increased by 23.6 and 26.5 %, respectively. On variants of the experiment with a high content of nutrients, their content decreased slightly over seven years. The amount of easily hydrolyzable nitrogen during the rotation of the crop rotation decreased by 13.4–57.2 %. The content of organic matter increased by 6.7–11.9 % (rel.). Soil acidity (pHKCl) during the rotation of the crop rotation increased by 0.03–0.23 units. The greatest acidification of the soil solution was noted in the transit-accumulative variant of the northern slope (by 0.23 units). It was found that the use of multipurpose compost contributed to an increase in crop yield on average per rotation by 1.6–13.2 c/ha of feed units. The maximum yield increase (44%) was obtained in the eluvial-transit and transit variants of the southern slope. Scientific novelty. The dependence of agrochemical indicators of sod-podzolic soil and crop productivity on the use of multipurpose compost in individual agromicrolandscapes has been established.