MENYELISIK SASTRA MELAYU RENDAH (Finding Popular Literature Malay)

ABSTRAKPermasalahan penting dalam penulisan sejarah sastra Indonesia modern adalah menentukan masa awal sastra Indonesia lahir. Beberapa ahli berbeda argumen dalam menjelaskan awal Sastra Indonesia Modern yang menjadi titik tolak perkembangan Sastra Indonesia Modern. Berdasarkan kajian pustaka, peneliti melihat kekurangcermatan pengumpulan data serta sikap dan pandangan penulis Sejarah Sastra Indonesia Modern. Mereka tidak memasukkan pengarang dan karyanya dalam penulisan tersebut. Para pengarang tersebut produktif dan signifikan dalam perkembangan Sastra Indonesia Modern. Dengan teori runtutan perkembangan sastra Wellek dan Warren serta metode tinjauan pustaka, peneliti menafsirkan ulang masa awal sejarah Sastra Indonesia Modern dengan memasukkan Sastra Melayu Rendah yang sebelumnya tidak tercatat dalam buku-buku tersebut. Berdasarkan hal itu, awal sejarah sastra Indonesia hendaknya dimundurkan ke masa Sastra Melayu Rendah, yaitu sekitar 1850-an.Kata Kunci: sejarah sastra, sastra indonesia modern, sastra melayu rendah, sastra melayu tionghoaABSTRACTAn important issue in writing the history of modern Indonesian literature is to explain the inception of Indonesian literature. Some experts have different opinions regarding the beginning of Modern Indonesian Literature which became the starting point of the history of Modern Indonesian Literature. Researchers see the inaccuracies and attitudes and views of these authors. They do not include the author and his work in writing. These writers were productive and significant in the development of Modern Indonesian Literature. Sequential theory and library research methods were used to reinterpret early history by including Popular Malay Literature which was not previously recorded in these books. Based on this, the beginning of the history of Indonesian literature should have started in the 1850s during the era of Popular Malay Literature.Keywords: literary history, Modern Indonesian Literature, Popular Malay Literature, Chinese Malay Literature

A Sequential Theory of Decentralization: Latin American Cases in Comparative Perspective

Both advocates and critics of decentralization assume that decentralization invariably increases the power of subnational governments. However, a closer examination of the consequences of decentralization across countries reveals that the magnitude of such change can range from substantial to insignificant. In this article, I propose asequential theory of decentralizationthat has three main characteristics: (1) it defines decentralization as aprocess, (2) it takes into account theterritorial interestsof bargaining actors, and (3) it incorporatespolicy feedback effects. I argue that the sequencing of different types of decentralization (fiscal, administrative, and political) is a key determinant of the evolution of intergovernmental balance of power. I measure this evolution in the four largest Latin American countries and apply the theory to the two extreme cases (Colombia and Argentina). I show that, contrary to commonly held opinion, decentralization does not necessarily increase the power of governors and mayors.

Partial Delay and Partial Reinforcement Effects on Resistance to Continuous Delay: Some Effects of Sequential Manipulations

Rats were trained in a straight-alley runway in two replications of 24 rats each. Two groups received partial reinforcement training with one or three successive nonreward trials (N-length), two groups received partial delay training with one and three successive delayed trials (D-length), and two additional groups received immediate continuous reinforcement. Following training all groups were shifted to continuous delay. The results indicated that D-length increased resistance to continuous delay, however, N-length did not have the corresponding effect. The performance of both N-length groups equalled that of the D-length 3 group, but the D-length 1 group was inferior and not different from the continuously reinforced control groups. These results were discussed in terms of Capaldi's (1967) sequential theory of instrumental learning.

Pattern and Quality of Reinforcement in Extinction in Albino Rats

This experiment examined the effects of successive (3 or 1) nonrewards prior to a sucrose reward and the effects of successive (3 or 1) alfalfa rewards prior to a sucrose reward on resistance to extinction. Long runs of nonrewards or long runs of alfalfa rewards led to greater resistance to extinction than did short runs. Ss who experienced nonrewards and those who experienced alfalfa rewards were not substantially different from each other. The findings were discussed within Capaldi's sequential theory.