scholarly journals MENYELISIK SASTRA MELAYU RENDAH (Finding Popular Literature Malay)

ALAYASASTRA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-53
Author(s):  
Ahmad Bahtiar ◽  
Herman J Waluyo ◽  
Sarwiji Suwandi ◽  
Budhi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Early History ◽  
Sequential Theory ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

ABSTRAKPermasalahan  penting dalam penulisan sejarah sastra Indonesia  modern adalah menentukan masa awal sastra Indonesia lahir. Beberapa ahli berbeda argumen dalam  menjelaskan awal Sastra Indonesia Modern yang menjadi titik tolak perkembangan Sastra Indonesia Modern. Berdasarkan kajian pustaka, peneliti melihat kekurangcermatan pengumpulan data serta sikap dan pandangan penulis Sejarah Sastra Indonesia Modern. Mereka tidak memasukkan pengarang dan karyanya dalam penulisan tersebut. Para pengarang tersebut produktif dan signifikan dalam perkembangan Sastra Indonesia Modern. Dengan teori runtutan perkembangan sastra Wellek dan Warren serta metode tinjauan pustaka, peneliti  menafsirkan ulang masa awal sejarah Sastra Indonesia Modern dengan memasukkan  Sastra Melayu Rendah yang sebelumnya tidak tercatat dalam buku-buku tersebut. Berdasarkan hal itu, awal sejarah sastra Indonesia  hendaknya dimundurkan ke masa Sastra Melayu Rendah, yaitu sekitar 1850-an.Kata Kunci: sejarah sastra, sastra indonesia modern,  sastra melayu rendah, sastra melayu tionghoaABSTRACTAn important issue in writing the history of modern Indonesian literature is to explain the inception of Indonesian literature. Some experts have different opinions regarding the beginning of Modern Indonesian Literature which became the starting point of the history of Modern Indonesian Literature. Researchers see the inaccuracies and attitudes and views of these authors. They do not include the author and his work in writing. These writers were productive and significant in the development of Modern Indonesian Literature. Sequential theory and library research methods were used to reinterpret early history by including Popular Malay Literature which was not previously recorded in these books. Based on this, the beginning of the history of Indonesian literature should have started in the 1850s during the era of Popular Malay Literature.Keywords: literary history, Modern Indonesian Literature, Popular  Malay Literature, Chinese Malay Literature

scholarly journals An historical framework for psychiatric nosology

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1935-1941 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Theoretical Orientation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Early History ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Species Definition ◽  
Psychiatric Nosology ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

This essay, which seeks to provide an historical framework for our efforts to develop a scientific psychiatric nosology, begins by reviewing the classificatory approaches that arose in the early history of biological taxonomy. Initial attempts at species definition used top-down approaches advocated by experts and based on a few essential features of the organism chosena priori. This approach was subsequently rejected on both conceptual and practical grounds and replaced by bottom-up approaches making use of a much wider array of features. Multiple parallels exist between the beginnings of biological taxonomy and psychiatric nosology. Like biological taxonomy, psychiatric nosology largely began with ‘expert’ classifications, typically influenced by a few essential features, articulated by one or more great 19th-century diagnosticians. Like biology, psychiatry is struggling toward more soundly based bottom-up approaches using diverse illness characteristics. The underemphasized historically contingent nature of our current psychiatric classification is illustrated by recounting the history of how ‘Schneiderian’ symptoms of schizophrenia entered into DSM-III. Given these historical contingencies, it is vital that our psychiatric nosologic enterprise be cumulative. This can be best achieved through a process of epistemic iteration. If we can develop a stable consensus in our theoretical orientation toward psychiatric illness, we can apply this approach, which has one crucial virtue. Regardless of the starting point, if each iteration (or revision) improves the performance of the nosology, the eventual success of the nosologic process, to optimally reflect the complex reality of psychiatric illness, is assured.

Chechen Refugees in Poland on ‘Tolerated Stay’: Different Perspectives of Hospitality in the Context of Theatrical Action in a Private Apartment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Izdebska
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Art Based Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theatrical Play ◽  
Ways Of Thinking

Abstract Many researchers show that the medium of the theatre can be an effective tool for collecting and analysing data and designing learning processes, especially when it comes to issues relevant to communities. Art-based research methods offer different ways of thinking, perceiving and researching social problems. The analysed theatrical play, ‘Tolerated Stay’, addresses the issues of hospitality in the context of refugees. The starting point is the history of a Chechen family with whom the artists worked and who stayed in Poland under a tolerated-stay permit. The play was realized in a private apartment. The convention of a meeting at a table opens the field for debate on the themes of the emigration and hospitality. In the analysis, three perspectives of hospitality were distinguished (of refugees, artists and participants). Following the principle of triangulation, different methods from theatre activity were supplemented by qualitative methods.

Ephoros Book I and the Kings of Argos

1951 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Andrewes
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specific Theme

Ephoros is known to have conceived each of his books as a unit with a specific theme, so that where we have any quantity of material it is worth while asking what the theme of a book was supposed to be. Clearly Ephoros i was about the return of the Herakleidai and the early history of the Peloponnese, but that defines the starting-point, not the scope of the book: I propose to argue that he presented here the contrast of the three Heraklid kingdoms, the degeneration and downfall of the Argive and Messenian Heraklids as opposed to the salvation of the Spartan state by Lykourgos.

scholarly journals Suvremena strujanja u komparatistici

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1.) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Ivon
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Literary History ◽  
European Studies ◽  
Research Paradigms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Literature ◽  
Focus Point

This paper is a preview of contemporary trends in comparative literature. The starting point of this research is the fact that change of research paradigms is a key feature of contemporary comparative literature. Change of research paradigms refers to imagery research, a new focus point of comparative literature that deals with images of certain country and its culture in another cultural surrounding, and to the notion of intercultural history of literature, which also includes the concept of interliterary community. The author also presents two new tendencies in contemporary comparative literature: cultural studies and European studies. The paper analyzes the responses of these new trends in Croatian literary history, but it also focuses on their impact on further researches in Croatian literature.

scholarly journals Perjumpaan Penginjil CGK Belanda Dengan Orang Toraja Mamasa: Praktik Metode Penginjilan Arie Bikker Dan Martin Geleijnse serta Relevansinya Bagi Metode Pekabaran Injil Gereja Toraja Mamasa Masa Kini

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
Abialtar
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
Church Leaders ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Church Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Thesis Statement

Preaching the gospel by Western mission organizations has given rise to a unique encounter between missionaries and indigenous peoples where they preach the gospel. The problem that arises then is the lack of research into what this encounter is and what it means for church life today. The author examines the encounter of evangelists from de Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerken (CGK) in the Netherlands with the Toraja Mamasa community, especially the To Salu tribe with qualitative research methods by relying on library research and mission history archives in Mamasa. Also conducted interviews with traditional and church leaders in Mamasa. The author found that the encounter between the two evangelists with the To Salu tribe had resulted in a missionary attitude and insight and certain theological characteristics which were then inherent in the history of the Toraja Mamasa Church (GTM) which was the fruit of the CGK evangelism. The author's thesis statement: "The attitude and insight and style of the theology of Bikker and Gelijnse, namely the pattern of Dutch Calvinist theology, then colored the theological features of the Mamasa Toraja Church in the course of its ministry in the context of Toraja Mamasa to the present.”Pemberitaan Injil oleh organisasi misi Barat telah melahirkan pertemuan unik antara misionaris dan masyarakat adat di mana mereka memberitakan Injil. Masalah yang muncul kemudian adalah kurangnya penelitian pada apa yang ditimbulkan oleh perjumpaan tersebut dan maknanya bagi kehidupan gereja saat ini. Penulis meneliti pertemuan penginjil dari de Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerken (CGK) di Belanda dengan komunitas Toraja Mamasa, terutama suku To Salu dengan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan mengandalkan penelitian pustaka dan arsip sejarah misi di Mamasa. Juga melakukan wawancara terhadapa tokoh-tokoh adat dan gereja di Mamasa. Penulis menemukan bahwa pertemuan antara dua penginjil dengan suku To Salu telah menghasilkan sikap misi dan wawasan serta ciri-ciri teologis tertentu yang kemudian melekat dalam sejarah Gereja Toraja Mamasa (GTM) yang merupakan buah penginjilan CGK. Pernyataan akhir penulis: "Sikap dan wawasan serta gaya teologi Bikker dan Gelijnse, yaitu pola teologi Calvinis Belanda, kemudian mewarnai ciri-ciri teologis Gereja Mamasa Toraja dalam perjalanan pelayanannya dalam konteks masyarakat Toraja Mamasa."

After Auerbach: Ancient Greek Literature as a Test Case of European Literary Historiography

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-128
Author(s):  
Irene J.F. de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Greek Literature ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
European Literature ◽  
Literary Historiography ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Greek Literature

In the first chapter of his celebratedMimesis(1946) Auerbach discussed a specimen of Ancient Greek literature (Homer) both as the starting point of a European literary history of realism and as a comparandum to biblical storytelling. Both lines of approach have recently been given new impetuses. On the one hand there is Martin West'sThe East Face of Helicon,1which does not merely compare early Greek literature and Near Eastern literature but describes the former as largely a product of the latter. On the other hand there is the series Studies in ancient Greek narrative, edited by Irene J.F. de Jong, which describes the early development of – what will become quintessential – European storytelling devices in Ancient Greek literature. Both scholarly projects, independently, have put the same urgent question on the agenda: how exactly are we to evaluate resemblances between ancient Greek literature and contemporary Near Eastern literature and later European literature. Can we speak of some form of historical connection, i.e. one literature taking over devices and motifs from another literature, or should we rather think in terms of typological resemblances, i.e. of the same narrative universals being employed at different places and at different times? Or is there some middle way to be found in the recent cognitive turn of comparative literature? Despite the methodological problems involved, investigating the history of European literature is an extremely rewarding task. The project of Europe as an economical and political unity has at the moment reached a critical phase. Literary scholars can contribute to this issue by showing the cultural unity of Europe, a mission that is just as urgent as it was in 1946, when Auerbach published hisMimesis.

The Origins and Early History of the Keeper of the Peace

1960 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 85-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Harding
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
Justice Of The Peace

The office of the justice of the peace developed during the fourteenth century from that of the keeper of the peace who held inquests and received presentments, and the process has been traced in great detail by Professor Putnam. In 1925, Professor Cam assigned some records of a keeper's inquests to 1277 and so carried the beginnings of the earlier office well back into the thirteenth century.Custodes pacisof a still earlier period Professor Cam dismissed as ‘extraordinary’ keepers, ‘whose existence is explained by the special conditions arising out of the struggle between the king and the baronial party’. But these earlier keepers are not confined to the period of civil war; a survey of them is necessary to the history of the justice of the peace, and it is this which the present paper attempts to provide. Lambard's description of these early keepers is useful as a starting-point:The Sheriffs I call ordinary Conservators of the Peace, because their authority was then ordinary, always one, and the same well enough knowen: But the extraordinary Conservator, as he was endowed with an higher power, so was he not ordinarily appointed, but in times of great trouble only, much like as the Lieutenants of shires are now in our days. And he had charge to defend the coasts and country, both from foreign and inward enemies, and might command the sheriff and all the shire to aid and assist him.The earliest keepers supplemented the sheriffs in the policing of the countryside, especially in times of crisis and during the threat of invasion; and these ‘great troubles’ were frequent enough to make the keeper an increasingly permanent official.

On Millerosaurus and the early history of the sauropsid reptiles

1957 ◽  
Vol 240 (673) ◽  
pp. 325-398 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Early History ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Tympanic Cavity ◽  
Great Probability ◽  
The Real ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of

In 1938 Broom described a reptile from the Upper Permian of South Africa as Millerina , concluding that it was a very primitive cotylosaur ‘ancestral’ to the mammal-like reptiles. To it he added several other genera, including one, Milerosaurus , with a pelycosaur-like temporal opening. Very well-preserved specimens of this last genus make possible a nearly complete description of the whole skeleton of these animals. They are shown by the occurrence of a typical lizard-like columella auris and tympanic cavity to be sauropsids, and are evidently far more primitive in general structure than any other members of that group. The group founded for them is shown to include, with great probability, Mesenosaurus from near the beginning of the Russian Permian reptilecontaining deposits. The real resemblance of the millerosaurs to primitive captorhinids and pelycosaurs is evidence of a common ultimate derivation from anthracosaurs. The Millerosauria provide a starting point for the development of all sauropsids except perhaps the Chelonia. Thus the first appearance of ‘diapsid’ reptiles in the Upper Permian Cistecephalus Zone, and the immensely rapid development they show in the Lower Trias, is related to the effective disappearance of Dicynodon , and of the carnivorous gorgonopsids and Therocephalia which preyed on it, at the end of Permian time. The break is as great as that which separates the beginning of Tertiary from the end of Cretaceous times amongst land-living vertebrates.

Cognitive Literary Studies, Historicism, and the History of the Imagination

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Haekel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Creative Imagination ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cognitive Literary Studies ◽  
The Mind

AbstractFor the past two decades, the scholarly discussion about the merits of neuroscience and cognitive science for literary studies has been, in Germany at least, a rather heated affair. This debate, however, has been much less interdisciplinary than the subject matter would suggest and has mainly taken placeThe need to historicise this relationship is part of a more encompassing claim. I believe it is necessary to focus on theory not as something external to, but as a self-reflexive aspect of, literature itself. This implies the need to investigate the mind and cognition only if it is part of the literary work’s self-reflexive scope within a given historical context. Historically, this reflexion presupposes a network in which scientific theories of the mind play a key role. My main example is the imagination. In this context, I will also focus on the rejection of dualism, or rather: the way that René Descartes’s philosophy, especially his distinction betweenOne key problem within CLS has been the focus on theThis historicist approach to cognition as a self-reflexive aspect of literature, on the one hand, and a reflection on science, on the other, necessarily implies a rejection of any universalising approach to literary works of art. The theoretical historicism proposed in this paper presupposes a turn towards the time-bound and the particular, and respective conceptualisations of authorship, literary production, and the text itself. In order to make my point, I will focus on one key concept and cognitive faculty in the history of the humanities: the creative imagination. A historical approach to the imagination in the light of cognitive science – such as championed by Alan Richardson and Mark J. Bruhn in the field of Romantic Studies – thus serves as my starting point. To make my argument, I will focus on three historically crucial phases as they are periods of transition both within literary history and the history of science: the early seventeenth century as the beginning of the scientific revolution, the Romantic period as a second scientific revolution, and literary Modernism as the formative phase of our contemporary scientific worldview. All three literary examples – Shakespeare, Coleridge, Joyce – can and must be seen as paradigmatic of their age as well as instrumental in bringing about literary change. At the same time, these examples will serve as flashlights to highlight a general trend.

Were there “Inner Chapters” in the Warring States? A New Examination of Evidence about the Zhuangzi

T oung Pao ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Klein
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Traditional Beliefs ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Sima Qian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In ◽  
Canonical Status

AbstractThis article questions the traditional beliefs that the seven “inner chapters” constitute the earliest stratum of the Zhuangzi, that they already formed a coherent unit in the Warring States, and that they came from a single hand. After reviewing what is known about the early history of the Zhuangzi text, various arguments that have been made in support of early, coherent inner chapters, are examined. Taking the Shiji portrait of the Zhuangzi as the starting point, it is shown that Sima Qian's description and use of the Zhuangzi already gives us reason to question the importance, or even existence, of the inner chapters in the Western Han. It is then shown that pre-Han and Han references to Zhuang Zhou, and parallels with the Zhuangzi text, do not necessarily even require (or support) the existence of most inner chapters, and certainly give no evidence that they were coherent and had any kind of canonical status. Though this does not constitute proof, it does give us reason to rethink the traditional beliefs about the authorship and structure of the early Zhuangzi text. In closing, the possibility of a Huainan Zhuangzi, and the role Liu An and his court might have played in the compilation of the inner chapters, is considered. Cet article met en question les conceptions traditionnelles suivant lesquelles les sept “chapitres intérieurs” constituent la strate la plus ancienne du Zhuangzi, formaient déjà un ensemble cohérent à l'époque des Royaumes Combattants, et étaient de la même main. Ce qu'on connaît de l'histoire ancienne du texte du Zhuangzi est passé en revue, puis sont examinés les divers arguments qui ont été avancés en faveur de l'ancienneté et de la cohérence des chapitres intérieurs. Partant du portrait du Zhuangzi dans le Shiji, il est démontré que déjà la description et l'usage du texte par Sima Qian nous invitent à nous poser des questions sur l'importance, voire l'existence, des chapitres intérieurs à l'époque des Han occidentaux. Puis il est constaté que les références à Zhuang Zhou sous les Han et avant, ainsi que les parallèles avec le texte du Zhuangzi, ne supposent pas nécessairement (ni ne confortent) l'existence de la plupart des chapitres intérieurs, et ne suggèrent certainement pas que ceux-ci formaient un ensemble cohérent et avaient un quelconque statut canonique. Si ces faits n'ont pas valeur de preuve, ils invitent à s'interroger sur les conceptions traditionnelles concernant l'auteur et la structure du texte primitif du Zhuangzi. En conclusion sont considérés la possibilité d'un Zhuangzi originaire de Huainan ainsi que le rôle qu'auraient pu jouer Liu An et sa cour dans la compilation des chapitres intérieurs.

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