A Sequential Theory of Decentralization: Latin American Cases in Comparative Perspective

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
TULIA G. FALLETI
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Policy Feedback ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Sequential Theory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Subnational Governments

Both advocates and critics of decentralization assume that decentralization invariably increases the power of subnational governments. However, a closer examination of the consequences of decentralization across countries reveals that the magnitude of such change can range from substantial to insignificant. In this article, I propose asequential theory of decentralizationthat has three main characteristics: (1) it defines decentralization as aprocess, (2) it takes into account theterritorial interestsof bargaining actors, and (3) it incorporatespolicy feedback effects. I argue that the sequencing of different types of decentralization (fiscal, administrative, and political) is a key determinant of the evolution of intergovernmental balance of power. I measure this evolution in the four largest Latin American countries and apply the theory to the two extreme cases (Colombia and Argentina). I show that, contrary to commonly held opinion, decentralization does not necessarily increase the power of governors and mayors.

New challenges beyond nutrition: c-section, air pollution and domestic violence

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Ferraro ◽  
M. T. B. Fernandes ◽  
S. E. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Violence During Pregnancy ◽  
Inadequate Nutrition ◽  
Latin American Countries

The DOHaD research field has successfully associated adult non-communicable diseases with inadequate nutrition in early periods of life. More recently, different types of exposure have been linked with impaired developmental outcomes and later health consequences, such as cesarean section at delivery, air pollution and domestic violence during pregnancy. The aim of this work is to bring up this issue looking at the published evidence on these three highly prevalent hazards in Latin American countries.

The Latin American Contribution to the Development of the Law of the Sea

1974 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. V. García-Amador
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Conservation Of Natural Resources ◽  
The Law ◽  
Exploration Exploitation ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
American Contribution

National claims, whether made unilaterally or at the regional or subregional level, play a fundamental role in the development of the law regarding the exploration, exploitation, and conservation of natural resources of the sea. The contribution to this body of law made by the Latin American countries has no parallel in any other group of countries or region. This contribution has been not only fruitful but extremely varied. Nevertheless, when the different types or categories of claims are analyzed, importantsimilarities can be noted among the more recentclaims

Evidence in the Spanish language press of linguistic borrowings of computer and Internet-related terms

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Morin
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Real Academia

With the rise of the Internet, English has become a source of borrowing of computer terms in many languages, including Spanish. Many of these borrowings are rapidly making their way into the Spanish language press. A survey of newspapers from eight Latin American countries yielded a total of 231 lexical borrowings of different types, all related to broad fields, such as software, hardware, data, and Internet-related terms. These borrowings can be classified as loanwords, calques of various kinds, including loan translations and semantic extensions, and loanblends. Many have already appeared in monolingual Spanish dictionaries, such as the Diccionario de la Real Academia, and in a number of dictionaries of Hispanic Anglicisms.

Domestic Violence Reporting during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Latin America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago M. Perez-Vincent ◽  
Enrique Carreras
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Relative Cost ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The City ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Valuable Service ◽  
Perceived Costs

This article examines changes in the frequency and characteristics of domestic violence reports after the start of the pandemic and the imposition of mobility restrictions in six Latin American countries. The study uses three types of data sources: calls to domestic violence hotlines (for the City of Buenos Aires in Argentina, Colombia, and Peru); calls to emergency lines (for Ecuador, Lima in Peru, and Costa Rica); and police/legal complaints (for Colombia, Ecuador, and Uruguay). Data through June 2020 shows that the pandemic's impact on domestic violence reports varied significantly across countries, periods, types of violence, and reporting channels. Calls to domestic violence hotlines soared, but calls to emergency lines and police complaints fell (especially in the first weeks of the pandemic). Significantly distinct patterns are observed between reports of psychological and physical violence, and non-cohabitant and cohabitant violence. These patterns are consistent with the pandemic changing the relative incidence of different types of violence and altering the perceived costs of reporting them through alternative channels. Increases in calls to domestic violence hotlines suggest that this channel was best suited to respond to victims' needs during the pandemic. In turn, the drop in legal complaints and calls to comprehensive emergency lines are consistent with an increase in the perceived (relative) cost of using these channels. The findings reveal how the pandemic altered domestic violence victims' demand for institutional help and highlight the relevance of domestic violence hotlines as an accessible and valuable service.

Sino-Latin American Relations: Sources and Consequences, 1977–1997

1999 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-116
Author(s):  
Frank O. Mora
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Third World ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Technological Cooperation ◽  
Latin American Countries

Diplomatic and economic relations between Latin American countries and the People’s Republic of China have become increasingly relevant for both sides, particularly in the areas of trade, investment, and scientific and technological cooperation. Relations have also intensified because of changes in the international balance of power; the PRC’s Third World policy is shaped by the friction between the PRC and the world’s great powers, including the United States. Competition from Taiwan for Latin American opportunities is another significant influence.

scholarly journals DE LA (NON) DÉMOCRATIE EN AMÉRIQUE (LATINE) A TOCQUEVILLE REPORT ON THE STATE OF GOVERNANCE IN LATIN AMERICA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 792
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Alexis De Tocqueville ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
Latin American Countries

Within a conceptual framework based on Tocqueville’s classic work about Democracy in America – freedom, democracy, equality, political organization, government and administrative centralization, etc. – this essay – drafted in the form of a report from Alexis de Tocqueville to the World Bank, at the demand of its Board – deals with the relative backwardness of Latin American countries, in terms of democratic principles, political accountability, insufficient economic and social development, social inequalities, adopting an historical and comparative perspective (with Asia-Pacific countries, for instance). The region has fragmented itself recently between globalizers, reluctant governments (protectionists and nationalists), and the so-called “Bolivarians”. Finally, it tackles the current and future challenges of Latin American countries, also in a comparative perspective with the Asia-Pacific region, and concludes that most of the problems at the source of the backwardness of the continent, and its peculiar difficulties to adapt and to insert into modernity and globalization are due to especially inept and corrupt elites, of all kinds and social origins.

Racking Performance of Traditional and Non-Traditional Engineered Bamboo Shear Walls

2012 ◽  
Vol 517 ◽  
pp. 171-178
Author(s):  
Juliana Arbelaez ◽  
Juan Francisco Correal
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Shear Walls ◽  
Structural Behavior ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Material ◽  
The One ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Better Than

Guadua Angustifolia Kunt (G.A.K.) is a bamboo specie that has been considered an alternative material for construction in some of the Latin-American countries. In Colombia, specifically in coffee region, G.A.K. has been used mainly for residential buildings, having bahareque (Split bamboo and mortar connected to a guadua frame) as the preferred structural system for this type of structures. This system has shown an adequate seismic behavior during earthquakes like the one in Armenia (1999), [. Nowadays, there is not a real understanding of the structural behavior of this kind of bamboo shear walls. For that reason, a study on the seismic performance of engineering bahareque shear walls and two kinds of non-conventional G.A.K. shear walls is done. Throughout this article, the preliminary results of this study are presented, based on monotonic tests only. So far, 13 tests have been run on the different types of shear walls. In addition, 6 static tests were performed on the connection of the shear walls to the foundation, to understand the capacity and the behavior of this type of joint. The results show that the structural behavior of engineering bahareque shear walls is both adequate and better than the one observed on the two kinds of non-conventional shear walls. In spite of that, some changes on the constructive details could improve the structural behavior of these two kinds of shear walls. As for the connection of the shear walls to the foundation, it is observable that the capacity of the joint is related to the resistance of cement mortar. Also two types of failure, identified on the study, affect directly the connection behavior.

Military Entrepreneurs: Patterns in Latin America

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Mani
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Civil Military Relations ◽  
Democratic Regimes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Military ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractDespite the recent shift to democratic regimes and market-based economies, in many Latin American countries the military retains important economic roles as owner, manager, and stakeholder in economic enterprises. Such military entrepreneurship poses a challenge to the development of democratic civil-military relations and, by extension, to the development of liberal democracy in the region. While scholars have noted this situation with concern, they have given little attention to distinguishing the different types of military entrepreneurship, which reflect distinct historical patterns and implications. This article identifies two major types of military entrepreneurs in Latin America: industrializers, determined to build national defense capabilities and compete for international prestige; and nation builders, seeking to promote economic development that can foster social development and cohesion. Case studies of Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, and Ecuador demonstrate important differences between these two types in their origins, paths, and political consequences.

scholarly journals The Relevance of the Informational Content of Book-Tax Differences for Predicting Future Income: Evidence from Latin American Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (70) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Vieira Cunha Marques ◽  
Patrícia de Souza Costa ◽  
Pablo Rogers Silva
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Publicly Traded ◽  
Publicly Traded Companies ◽  
Future Earnings ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Future Income ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Latin American Countries

This study aims to investigate whether the different types of book-tax differences are useful for predicting the future income of publicly traded companies in five Latin American countries. This is possible since these differences convey information about transitory components of income, which can be used by investors for predicting future income. However, little is known about the relationship between tax variables and companies' future results. The sample analyzed here is composed of 580 publicly traded companies from five Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru) with information available in the Economatica(r) database covering 2002 to 2013. In terms of methodology, regressions are employed in order to find a connection between the different types (total, permanent, temporary, and the negative and positive variations) of book-tax differences and companies' current and future earnings per share, as well as some control variables suggested by previous literature. The model's coefficients were estimated through panel data techniques: fixed effects. The results obtained suggest that the information gathered in the different types of book-tax differences (total, permanent, temporary, positive and negative variations) is relevant in predicting future income. Total, permanent and temporary differences contribute to the uncertainty in future income prediction, given that results are more transitory and less persistent in years with higher book-tax differences. Positive and negative variations, on the other hand, attribute higher income in coming years to greater variations in book-tax differences, representing increased timeliness of results and a reduction in off balance sheet funding for the publicly traded companies from these countries.

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