Using open-source high resolution remote sensing data to determine the access to buildings in the context of passenger transport

<p>Routing on a road network requires geographical points on the road network that correspond best to the addresses of the given origin and destination, here called snapping points. The technique to determine such snapping points is also called offline map matching. Conventional routing machines use the shortest perpendicular distance from a building’s centroid to the road network for this purpose. However, in some cases, this technique leads to suboptimal results when the access to a building is not reachable from the road segment with the shortest perpendicular distance. We used open-source data — multispectral images, OpenStreetMap data, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data — to perform a cost-distance analysis and determined the most likely access to buildings. Therefore, we assumed that the path to the building shows less vegetation cover, minimal slope of the terrain and avoids building footprints. Our results are validated based on a predetermined Ideal Snapping Area for different weightings of the parameters vegetation, slope und building footprints. We also compared our results with a conventional routing machine (Open Source Route Machine - ) that uses the perpendicular distance. The validation-rate of our approach is up to 90%, depending on the weighting of chosen parameters, whereas the conventional routing machine shows a validation-rate of 81%. The optimized snapping points can be used to determine enhanced stop locations in passenger transport to improve services such as door-to-door transportation (e.g. demand-responsive transport).</p>

Examination of Safe Zone to Avoid Injury of the Lateral Plantar Artery During Calcaneal Osteotomy: A Fresh Cadaveric Study

Background: Calcaneal osteotomy are used to treat various pathologies in the correction of hindfoot deformities. But lateral plantar artery (LPA) pseudoaneurysms have been reported following calcaneal osteotomy, and LPA pseudoaneurysms may be at risk for rupture. Although the vascular structures in close proximity to calcaneal osteotomies have variable courses and branching patterns, there is little information on safe zone for LPA during calcaneal osteotomy. The aims of this study were to identify the safety zone to avoid the LPA injury during calcaneal osteotomy. Methods: Enhanced computed tomography scans of 25 fresh cadaveric feet (male, n = 13; female, n = 12; mean age 79.0 years at the time of death) were assessed. The specimens were injected with barium via the external iliac artery. Line A is the landmark line and extends from the posterosuperior aspect of the calcaneal tuberosity to the plantar fascia origin, and the perpendicular distance between the LPA and line A at its closest point was measured on sagittal images. Results: The average perpendicular distance between the LPA and line A at its closest point was 15.2 ± 2.9 mm. In 2 cases (8.0 %), the perpendicular distance between the LPA and line A at its closest point was very close, approximately 9 mm. In 18 of 25 feet (72.0%), the point where perpendicular distance from the line A to LPA is the closest was the bifurcation of one of the medial calcaneal branches from LPA, and in 7 feet in 25 feet (28.0%) feet the point where perpendicular distance from the line A to LPA is the closest was the trifurcation of LPA, medial plantar artery, and one of the medial calcaneal branches. Conclusions: Calcaneal osteotomy approximately more than 9 mm from the line A could injure the LPA in overpenetration into the medial aspect of tcalcaneal osteotomy. Completion of the osteotomy on the medial side should be performed with caution to avoid iatrogenic injury of the LPA. Levels of Evidence:: Level IV, Cadaveric study

Calcaneal Osteotomy “Safe Zone” for Avoiding Injury to the Lateral Plantar Artery: A Fresh Cadaveric Study

Background Calcaneal osteotomy is used to correct hindfoot deformity. Pseudoaneurysms of the lateral plantar artery (LPA) have been reported following calcaneal osteotomy and are at risk of rupture. The vascular structures in close proximity to the calcaneal osteotomy have variable courses and branching patterns. However, there is little information on the “safe zone” during calcaneal osteotomy. This study aimed to identify the safe zone that avoids LPA injury during calcaneal osteotomy.Methods Enhanced computed tomography scans of 25 fresh cadaveric feet (13 male and 12 female specimens; mean age 79.0 years at time of death) were assessed. The specimens were injected with barium via the external iliac artery. A landmark line (line A) connecting the posterosuperior aspect of the calcaneal tuberosity and the origin of the plantar fascia was drawn and the shortest perpendicular distance between the LPA and line A was measured on sagittal images.Results The average perpendicular distance between the LPA and line A at its closest point was 15.2 ± 2.9 mm. In 2 feet (8.0%), the perpendicular distance between the LPA and line A at its closest point was very short (approximately 9 mm). In 18 of the 25 feet (72.0%), the point where the perpendicular distance from line A to the LPA was closest was the bifurcation of one of the medial calcaneal branches of the LPA, and in 7 feet (28.0%) the shortest perpendicular distance from line A to the LPA was the trifurcation of the LPA, medial plantar artery, and one of the medial calcaneal branches.Conclusion Calcaneal osteotomy performed more than 9 mm from line A could damage the LPA by overpenetration on the medial side. Calcaneal osteotomy on the medial side should be performed with caution to avoid iatrogenic injury to the LPA.Level of Evidence: IV, cadaveric study

An Adaptation of Kernel Density Estimation for Population Abundance using Line Transect Sampling When the Shoulder Condition is Violated

Kernel estimation is a commonly used method to estimate the population density in line transect sampling. In general, the classical kernel estimator of (0) X f , which is the probability density function at perpendicular distance x  0 , inclines to be underestimated. In this study, a power transformation of perpendicular distance is proposed for the kernel estimator when the shoulder condition is violated. The mathematical properties of the proposed estimator are derived. A simulation study is also carried out for comparing the proposed estimator with the classical kernel estimators

Correlation between radiographic parameters for the prediction of palatally impacted maxillary canines

Objective: This study aimed to identify radiographic parameters on routine orthopantomograms to aid in early diagnosis of palatally impacted canines. Design: Split-mouth case-control study. Setting: Single-centre university dental hospital. Methods: Thirty-three individuals with palatally impacted canines and non-impacted contra-lateral teeth were recruited. Radiographic variables angle A, angle B, angle C, distance D, sector class and depth of vertical impaction were measured for both groups. Mann–Whitney U test and Spearman’s correlation coefficient were used to analyse significant differences and association between variables with sector class and depth of vertical impaction, respectively. Logistic regression analysis determined radiographic parameters as predictors of palatal impaction. Results: Significant differences were seen between sector class, depth of vertical impaction and the radiographic parameters between cases and controls ( P ⩽ 0.001). For cases, strong correlation was found for angle C between the impacted canine and occlusal plane (r = −0.28, P = 0.022) and perpendicular distance D of impacted canine to the occlusal plane (r = 0.81, P ⩽ 0.001) with the depth of vertical impaction. Logistic regression analysis showed the odds of canine impaction increase with an increase in angle B and angle C. Conclusions: Our study showed that greater depth of vertical impaction, sector class, increased perpendicular distance and reduced angulation from occlusal plane resulted in palatal impaction of permanent maxillary canines. The odds of palatal canine impaction increase nearly twofold with every 10 increase in angle B and angle C.

Geometrical Kinematic Analysis of a Planar Serial Manipulator Using a Barycentric Formula

The kinematics, instantaneous motion, and statics of a manipulator have recently been determined algebraically. In the past, such studies did not provide any intuition about the equation. Robot designers had to use a numerical method or trial-and-error solver with unintuitive equations. Alternatively, all algebraic processes have their own geometrical meaning. Geometric analysis provides intuition for designing the linkages of a robot. Screw theory and barycentric formulas are used to find meaningful geometric measures. The kinematics and statics of a manipulator are described by an axis screw and its reciprocal line screw. The barycenter of a triangle with edges and a perpendicular distance between the two screws are useful geometric measures for geometric analysis. This study provides a geometric interpretation of the kinematics and statics of a planar manipulator using a barycentric formula.

Crystal structure of ({4-[(4-bromophenyl)ethynyl]-3,5-diethylphenyl}ethynyl)triisopropylsilane

The title compound, C29H37BrSi, was synthesized by the Sonogashira coupling of [(3,5-diethyl-4-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl]triisopropylsilane with 4-bromo-1-iodobenzene. In the structure, the two phenyl rings are nearly parallel to each other with a dihedral angle of 4.27 (4)°. In the crystal, π–π interactions between the terminal and central phenyl rings of adjacent molecules link them in thea-axis direction [perpendicular distance = 3.5135 (14); centroid–centroid distance = 3.7393 (11) Å]. In addition, there are weak C—H...π interactions between the isopropyl H atoms and the phenyl rings of adjacent molecules.