Efficacy of the parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) egg masses

Background The Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the major insect pests, causing a significant damage on different cultivated agricultural crops. Developing an alternative non-chemical tool, an effective and environmentally friendly method to suppress pest's infestation is essentially needed. Therefore, biological control by releasing the egg parasitoids could be the most promising tool for integrated pest management. Results This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the egg parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) as a bio-control agent against S. littoralis egg masses with different physical characteristics (number of egg layer and degree of scale density) in a no-choice and choice tests, under laboratory conditions. Also, the parasitoids’ fitness in terms of parasitism percentage, developmental period, adults’ emergence percentage, female offspring percentage, and longevity were investigated. The results revealed that T. bactrae wasps had a great ability to parasitize S. littoralis egg masses, but with different rates, related to their layers and scales’ thickness in both tests. The highest parasitism percentage was observed on one-layer eggs, followed by two layers. However, 3-layer eggs were the least preferable one. High numbers of adult emergencies (> 80%) were observed in all tested egg masses, except in the case of 3 layers with high scales. Furthermore, female-biased sex ratios were noticed at all examined eggs, with only the exception of high-scaly eggs with a single layer that recorded the lowest rate (≤ 45%). Besides, the survival of adult female parasitoids was not significantly affected in both tests. Conclusions T. bactrae could be used as a bio-control agent against S. littoralis egg masses with different physical characteristics based on the achieved results.

IDENTIFIKASI DAN UJI KAPASITAS REPRODUKSI PARASITOID TELUR ULAT PENGGEREK BUAH MERAH JAMBU PADA TANAMAN KAPAS

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Pectinophora gossypiella merupakan salah satu hama utama<br />tanaman kapas yang menyerang dengan cara menggerek buah. Mulai<br />stadia larva kecil hingga pupa berada di dalam buah. Perilaku tersebut<br />menjadi salah satu sebab kurang efektifnya beberapa cara pengendalian P.<br />gossypiella dengan sasaran stadia larva. Untuk itu, peluang yang<br />diharapkan akan memberikan hasil pengendalian yang lebih baik adalah<br />sasaran pada stadia telur yaitu antara lain pemanfaatan parasitoid telur.<br />Dari hasil eksplorasi telah diperoleh parasitoid telur Trichogrammatidae<br />yang berasal dari pertanaman kapas di Lamongan dan Asembagus, Jawa<br />Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi spesies parasitoid<br />telur P. gossypiella dan kapasitas reproduksinya. Penelitian ini<br />dilaksanakan di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat Malang<br />pada bulan Maret - Desember 2002. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa<br />parasitoid telur Trichogrammatidae yang muncul dari telur P. gossypiella<br />yang berasal dari kedua lokasi, berasal dari spesies yang sama dan berbeda<br />dengan spesies T. armigera yang memarasit telur H. armigera.<br />Berdasarkan kapasitas reproduksinya, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae N &amp; N<br />berpotensi sebagai agens hayati pengendali ulat penggerek buah kapas<br />merah jambu P. gossypiella.<br />Kata kunci : Kapas, Gossypium hirsutum, hama, Pectinophora<br />gossypiella, parasitoid telur, Trichogrammatidae, laju<br />pertumbuhan</p><p><br />ABSTRACT<br />Identification and reproduction capacity test of egg<br />parasitoid pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella<br />Saunders on cotton<br />Pectinophora gossypiella is one of main pests of cotton. It attacks<br />the boll since small larvae until pupae and the insect is located in the boll.<br />This could be the reason why any control actions targeted to the larvae<br />were not effective. Therefore, the use of egg parasitoid to control the<br />bollworm population would be more promising. Exploration of the egg<br />parasitoid of the bollworm was done in Lamongan and Asembagus, East<br />Java. The parasitoids were considered as new locality report. This study<br />was to identify egg parasitoid of P. gossypiella and to study their<br />reproduction capacity. The study was conducted in Biological Control<br />Laboratory of IToFCRI Malang, March – December 2002. The study<br />included identification morphologically and biosystematically. The results<br />showed that Trichogrammatid emerged from P. gossypiella egg collected<br />from Asembagus (Trichogrammatoidea sp-A) and Lamongan (Trichogra-<br />mmatoidea sp-L) were the same species. Based on the reproduction<br />capacity of the parasitoids, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae N &amp; N were<br />potential as biological control agent for P. gossypiella.<br />Key words : Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, pest, Pectinophora<br />gossypiella, egg parasitoid, Trichogrammatidae, intrinsic<br />rate</p>

INTERAKSI ANTARA Trichogrammatoidea bactrae N. DAN Trichogrammatoidea armigera N. PADA TELUR KAMA PENGGEREK BUAH KAPAS Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Penggerek buah kapas, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. (Lepidoptera;<br />Noctuidae) dan Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera;<br />Gelechiidae) merupakan hama Unaman kapas. Trichogrammatoidea<br />armigera N. yang dilepas secara inundasi telah terbukti mampu<br />mengendalikan populasi H. armigera, tctapi belum mampu mengendalikan<br />P. gossypiella. Parasitoid telur yang berpotensi sebagai agens hayati bagi-P.<br />gossypiella adalah Trichogrammatoidea bactrae N. Penelitian ini bertujuan<br />mempelajari interaksi antara T. bactrae (muncul dari telur P. gossypiella<br />yang berasal dari Lamongan (T. bactrae - L) dan Asembagus T. bactrae -<br />A)) dengan T. armigera yang digunakan untuk pengendalian H. armigera.<br />Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Hayati (parasitoid &amp; predator)<br />Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat, Malang pada bulan Maret<br />2002 sampai dengan Desember 2002. Suhu ruang penelitian 25-27 derajat C<br />dan kelembaban nisbi 65-70 persen. Interaksi yang diuji adalah (1)<br />interaksi imago dengan perlakuan variasi kepadatan populasi parasitoid dan<br />inang telur H. armigera; dan (2) interaksi pra imago yang berada di dalam<br />telur inang dengan perlakuan pemaparan telur H. armigera secara<br />bergantian terhadap (a) T. armigera dan T. bactrae - A, dan (b) T. armigera<br />dan T. bactrae - L. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi antara<br />imago T. armigera dengan T. bactrae - A dan T. bactrae - L, lebih<br />didominasi oleh T. armigera. Total dominasi dari semua perlakuan<br />mencapai 6 : 95 atau proporsi parasitisasi terhadap telur inang H.<br />armigera oleh T. armigera yang lebih tinggi dibanding proporsi<br />parasitisasi oleh T. bactrae peluangnya adalah 0,94. Pada interaksi pra<br />imago, interaksi antara T. bactrae - A dan T. armigera didominasi oleh<br />T. armigera, sedangkan antara T. bactrae - L : T. armigera didominasi<br />oleh T. bactrae - L. Dominasi T. armigera terhadap T. bactrae adalah 0<br />: 21 atau peluang proporsi T. armigera yang bertahan hidup di dalam telur<br />H. armigera yang lebih tinggi dibanding proporsi T. bactrae - A adalah<br />1. Sedangkan dominasi T. bactrae terhadap T. armigera adalah 16 : 3<br />atau peluang proporsi T. bactrae - L yang bertahan hidup di dalam telur<br />H. armigera yang lebih tinggi dibanding proporsi T. armigera adalah 0,84.<br />Berdasarkan bentuk interaksi tersebut, maka T. bactrae - A dapat dipilih<br />sebagai kandidat agens hayati P. gossypiella yang lebih ideal dibanding T.<br />bactrae -L. Penggunaan T. bactrae - L sebagai agens hayati,<br />berpeluang menyebabkan terganggunya efektifttas parasitisasi T. armigera<br />dalam pengendalian H. armigera.<br />Kata kunci: Kapas, Gossypium hirsutum, hama, penggerek kapas, agens<br />hayati, Trichogrammatoidea armigera, Trichogrammatoidea<br />bactrae, Pectinophora gossypiella, Helicoverpa armigera,<br />interaksi antar spesies</p><p><br />ABSTRACT<br />Trichogrammatoidea bactrae N, The objective of this research is to study<br />the interaction between T. bactrae (emerged from P. gossypiella collected<br />from Lamongan (7". bactrae - L) and collected from Asembagus T. bactrae<br />- A)) with T. armigera. The study was conducted in Biological Control<br />Laboratory of ITOFCRI, March - December 2002. The tested interactions<br />were (1) adult interaction with different density of parasitoids and the host<br />H. armigera eggs; (2) pre-adult interactions in H. armigera eggs with<br />subsequently exposed the eggs to T. armigera and T. bactrae - A IT.<br />bactrae - L. The results showed that T. armigera dominates the adult<br />interaction with T. bactrae - A / T. bactrae - L. Total domination of all<br />treatments was 6:95 or the probability of higher proportion of T. armigera<br />to parasitize H. armigera than that of T. bactrae was 0.94. T. armigera<br />also dominates pre-adult interaction with T. bactrae - A, but T. bactrae - L<br />dominates T. armigera. The dominance value of T. armigera against T.<br />bactrae - A was 0:21 or probability of the higher proportion of T.<br />armigera survival than tat of T. bactrae - A was 1. The dominance value<br />of the higher proportion of T. bactrae - L survival than that of T. armigera<br />was 0.84. Based on the results, prospective biocontrol agent of P.<br />gossypiella is T. bactrae - A. Mass release of T. bactrae - L may interfere<br />the effectiveness of T. armigera on H. armigera eggs.<br />Key words : Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, pest, cotton bollworms, bio<br />agents, Trichogrammatoidea armigera, Trichogrammatoidea<br />bactrae, Pectinophora gossypiella, Helicoverpa armigera,<br />interspecific interaction<br />Interaction of Trichogrammatoidea armigera N. and<br />Trichogrammatoidea bactrae N. on cotton-bottworms<br />Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. eggs<br />Cotton bollworms Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. (Lepidoptera;<br />Noctuidae) and Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera;<br />Gelechiidae) are two of cotton pests in Indonesia. Inundation releases of<br />Trichogrammatoidea armigera N. could control H. armigera population,<br />but not P. gossypiella. The potential egg parasitoid of P. gossypiella is</p>

Biological Control of Cocoa Pod Borer (Conopomorpha cramerella Snell) Using Egg Parasitoids of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata in East Java

A study on the potential of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata (Tbf) parasitization in the field was conducted at an insecticide-free cocoa cultivation namely Treblasala Plantation, Banyuwangi, East Java. The research design used was a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The tested treat-ments consisted of parasitoid release intervals (once in 2 and 4 weeks) and the release population of 0 (control); 25,000 and 50,000 Tbfper hectare per release. Observations were made on number of detected eggs and parasitized eggs, and level of cocoa damage caused by cocoa pod borer (CPB) attacks. The results of this research showed that parasitization level of T. bactrae fumata on CPB eggs after3 months of the release ranged from 29.81–42.79%. The parasitoid release of CPB eggs (T. bactrae fumata) in the field for a year showed that the parasitiza-tion level of CPB eggs in the field ranged from 17.78–29.72%. Nevertheless, during that year, there was no significant effect of parasitoid release on the suppression of yield loss due to CPB attacks in the field.