The mass release of migrants from UK immigration detention during the COVID-19 pandemic: what can be learned?

Summary Convincing international evidence demonstrates that immigration detention adversely affects mental health. During the COVID-19 outbreak, additional concerns were raised about the safety and appropriateness of immigration detention. Consequently, several hundred migrants were released en masse from UK immigration detention centres, and few new detentions took place. Over 70% fewer migrants were held in detention centres in June 2020 compared with December 2019. This large ‘natural experiment’ has demonstrated that detaining fewer migrants is possible and it provides an opportunity to review the necessity for large-scale detention for the purpose of immigration control, as well as its impact on health inequalities. Additionally, given that detainee release arrangements had already been considered unsafe prior to the pandemic, clinicians and service providers should take into consideration that many of those released may not be receiving adequate post-release continuity of care.

Assessing the optimal frequency of early parasitoid releases in an apple orchard to control Dysaphis plantaginea: a proof of concept study

Alternative measures to pesticides to control the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea are being developed. Naturally occurring predators and parasitoids often fail to reduce aphid abundance below the economic threshold in orchards, because they are active too late after the aphid first infestation. We tested the efficiency of mass release of two parasitoid species, Aphidius matricariae and Ephedrus cerasicola, early in the season to match the presence of aphid fundatrix (sensitive stages). In this trial focusing on an organic apple orchard, three releases were done either every week or every two weeks to test the effect of the release frequency, during two consecutive years. The number of aphid colonies and aphid number per tree were monitored from late March to late May. Degree-days necessary for parasitoid emergence in the field after release were calculated. We show that a sufficient level of aphid control by parasitoids is reached during the first month of the survey, but control mostly fails during the second part of the monitoring session, for both release treatments, and compared to the neem oil control treatment. The relative effects of release frequencies were different between years probably because of interannual differences in aphid population dynamics and initial infestation in orchards. The field survey and the degree-day model suggest that parasitoid releases, at either frequency, are promising candidates for biological control of the rosy aphid, although the method still needs proper calibration. This conclusion needs to be reinforced by repeating the study in more orchards, but our case study lays the first empirical basis that will help to develop future control methods of aphids by parasitoid releases in apple orchards. We argue that releases should be done one to two weeks before first aphid detection to account for long development times of parasitoids at relatively low temperatures.

Sex pheromone biosynthesis, storage and release in a female moth: making a little go a long way

Moth pheromone research has pioneered much of our understanding of long-distance chemical communication. Two important characteristics of this communication have, however, remained largely unaddressed: the release of small quantities of pheromone by most moth species, despite potential advantages of releasing greater amounts, and the intermittency of release in some species, limiting the time of mate attraction. We addressed the proximate mechanisms underlying these characteristics by manipulating biosynthesis, storage and release of pheromone in females of the noctuid moth Chloridea virescens . We found that (i) mass release is determined by pheromone mass on the gland surface; (ii) amounts synthesized are limited by pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide concentration, not precursor availability; (iii) some gland structural feature limits mass release rate; (iv) intermittent calling enables release at a mass rate greater than biosynthetic rate; and (v) at typical mass release rates, the periodicity of pheromone availability on the gland surface roughly matches the periodicity (intermittency) of calling. We conclude that mass release in C . virescens and possibly many other species is low because of constraints on biosynthesis, storage and gland structure. Further, it appears the behaviour of intermittent calling in C. virescens may have evolved as a co-adaptation with pheromone availability, allowing females to release pheromone intermittently at higher mass rates than the biosynthesis rate.

Separating two tightly linked species-defining phenotypes in Bactrocera with hybrid recombinant analysis

Background Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis mate asynchronously; the former mates exclusively around dusk while the latter mates during the day. The two species also differ in the colour of the post-pronotal lobe (callus), which is predominantly yellow in B. tryoni and brown in B. neohumeralis. We have examined the genetic relationship between the two characters in hybrids, backcrosses and multigeneration hybrid progeny. Results Our analysis of the mating time of the parental species revealed that while B. tryoni mate exclusively at dusk, B. neohumeralis females pair with B. neohumeralis males during the day and with B. tryoni males at dusk. We found considerable variance in mating time and callus colour among hybrid backcross individuals of both sexes but there was a strong although not invariant trend for callus colour to co-segregate with mating time in both sexes. To genetically separate these two phenotypes we allowed the interspecific F1 hybrids to propagate for 25 generations (F25) without selection for mating time or callus colour, finding that the advanced hybrid population had moved towards B. tryoni phenotypes for both traits. Selection for day mating in replicate lines at F25 resulted in significant phenotypic shifts in both traits towards B. neohumeralis phenotypes in F26. However, we were unable to completely recover the mating time profile of B. neohumeralis and relaxation of selection for day mating led to a shift back towards dusk mating, but not yellow callus colour, by F35. Conclusion We conclude that the inheritance of the two major species-defining traits is separable but tightly linked and involves more than one gene in each case. It also appears that laboratory conditions select for the B. tryoni phenotypes for mating time. We discuss our findings in relation to speciation theory and the likely effects of domestication during the generation of mass release strains for sterile insect control programmes.

Mechanism of Rock Burst Revealed by Numerical Simulation and Energy Calculation

We propose a new computational method to calculate the storage elastic energy value of surrounding rocks based on numerical simulation and theoretical calculation. By calculating the difference value in energy under different force states and comparing them with the energy level when rock burst occurs, we get the mechanism of rock burst: when roadway and surrounding rocks are in the condition of large ratio bias force field, certain triggering stress causes mass release of the elastic energy of surrounding rocks around the roadway, and when the energy reaches a certain level, rock burst will occur. We also put forward the specific force field conditions and triggering stress values of rock burst, which is of great guiding significance for the mechanism disclosure, monitoring, and control of rock burst.

INTERAKSI ANTARA Trichogrammatoidea bactrae N. DAN Trichogrammatoidea armigera N. PADA TELUR KAMA PENGGEREK BUAH KAPAS Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Penggerek buah kapas, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. (Lepidoptera;<br />Noctuidae) dan Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera;<br />Gelechiidae) merupakan hama Unaman kapas. Trichogrammatoidea<br />armigera N. yang dilepas secara inundasi telah terbukti mampu<br />mengendalikan populasi H. armigera, tctapi belum mampu mengendalikan<br />P. gossypiella. Parasitoid telur yang berpotensi sebagai agens hayati bagi-P.<br />gossypiella adalah Trichogrammatoidea bactrae N. Penelitian ini bertujuan<br />mempelajari interaksi antara T. bactrae (muncul dari telur P. gossypiella<br />yang berasal dari Lamongan (T. bactrae - L) dan Asembagus T. bactrae -<br />A)) dengan T. armigera yang digunakan untuk pengendalian H. armigera.<br />Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Hayati (parasitoid &amp; predator)<br />Balai Penelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat, Malang pada bulan Maret<br />2002 sampai dengan Desember 2002. Suhu ruang penelitian 25-27 derajat C<br />dan kelembaban nisbi 65-70 persen. Interaksi yang diuji adalah (1)<br />interaksi imago dengan perlakuan variasi kepadatan populasi parasitoid dan<br />inang telur H. armigera; dan (2) interaksi pra imago yang berada di dalam<br />telur inang dengan perlakuan pemaparan telur H. armigera secara<br />bergantian terhadap (a) T. armigera dan T. bactrae - A, dan (b) T. armigera<br />dan T. bactrae - L. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi antara<br />imago T. armigera dengan T. bactrae - A dan T. bactrae - L, lebih<br />didominasi oleh T. armigera. Total dominasi dari semua perlakuan<br />mencapai 6 : 95 atau proporsi parasitisasi terhadap telur inang H.<br />armigera oleh T. armigera yang lebih tinggi dibanding proporsi<br />parasitisasi oleh T. bactrae peluangnya adalah 0,94. Pada interaksi pra<br />imago, interaksi antara T. bactrae - A dan T. armigera didominasi oleh<br />T. armigera, sedangkan antara T. bactrae - L : T. armigera didominasi<br />oleh T. bactrae - L. Dominasi T. armigera terhadap T. bactrae adalah 0<br />: 21 atau peluang proporsi T. armigera yang bertahan hidup di dalam telur<br />H. armigera yang lebih tinggi dibanding proporsi T. bactrae - A adalah<br />1. Sedangkan dominasi T. bactrae terhadap T. armigera adalah 16 : 3<br />atau peluang proporsi T. bactrae - L yang bertahan hidup di dalam telur<br />H. armigera yang lebih tinggi dibanding proporsi T. armigera adalah 0,84.<br />Berdasarkan bentuk interaksi tersebut, maka T. bactrae - A dapat dipilih<br />sebagai kandidat agens hayati P. gossypiella yang lebih ideal dibanding T.<br />bactrae -L. Penggunaan T. bactrae - L sebagai agens hayati,<br />berpeluang menyebabkan terganggunya efektifttas parasitisasi T. armigera<br />dalam pengendalian H. armigera.<br />Kata kunci: Kapas, Gossypium hirsutum, hama, penggerek kapas, agens<br />hayati, Trichogrammatoidea armigera, Trichogrammatoidea<br />bactrae, Pectinophora gossypiella, Helicoverpa armigera,<br />interaksi antar spesies</p><p><br />ABSTRACT<br />Trichogrammatoidea bactrae N, The objective of this research is to study<br />the interaction between T. bactrae (emerged from P. gossypiella collected<br />from Lamongan (7". bactrae - L) and collected from Asembagus T. bactrae<br />- A)) with T. armigera. The study was conducted in Biological Control<br />Laboratory of ITOFCRI, March - December 2002. The tested interactions<br />were (1) adult interaction with different density of parasitoids and the host<br />H. armigera eggs; (2) pre-adult interactions in H. armigera eggs with<br />subsequently exposed the eggs to T. armigera and T. bactrae - A IT.<br />bactrae - L. The results showed that T. armigera dominates the adult<br />interaction with T. bactrae - A / T. bactrae - L. Total domination of all<br />treatments was 6:95 or the probability of higher proportion of T. armigera<br />to parasitize H. armigera than that of T. bactrae was 0.94. T. armigera<br />also dominates pre-adult interaction with T. bactrae - A, but T. bactrae - L<br />dominates T. armigera. The dominance value of T. armigera against T.<br />bactrae - A was 0:21 or probability of the higher proportion of T.<br />armigera survival than tat of T. bactrae - A was 1. The dominance value<br />of the higher proportion of T. bactrae - L survival than that of T. armigera<br />was 0.84. Based on the results, prospective biocontrol agent of P.<br />gossypiella is T. bactrae - A. Mass release of T. bactrae - L may interfere<br />the effectiveness of T. armigera on H. armigera eggs.<br />Key words : Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, pest, cotton bollworms, bio<br />agents, Trichogrammatoidea armigera, Trichogrammatoidea<br />bactrae, Pectinophora gossypiella, Helicoverpa armigera,<br />interspecific interaction<br />Interaction of Trichogrammatoidea armigera N. and<br />Trichogrammatoidea bactrae N. on cotton-bottworms<br />Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. eggs<br />Cotton bollworms Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. (Lepidoptera;<br />Noctuidae) and Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera;<br />Gelechiidae) are two of cotton pests in Indonesia. Inundation releases of<br />Trichogrammatoidea armigera N. could control H. armigera population,<br />but not P. gossypiella. The potential egg parasitoid of P. gossypiella is</p>