Die deutsche Einwanderung in Ungarn unter Joseph II. Ursachen, Folgen und gesamtmonarchische Zusammenhänge

Historical research has not yet adequately answered why there was a large-scale, state-organized settlement of German colonists under Joseph II between 1784 and 1787. Previous studies recognize the only reason for this in the low population density generally characterizing the eastern half of the Habsburg Monarchy. In the present study, the causes and consequences of immigration are placed in overall monarchical contexts and examined. This study concludes that state sponsored immigration of German settlers was no priority of the monarch under the reign of Joseph II. The emperor wanted to reform the contemporary agricultural relations in Hungary too but the strong resistance of the Hungarian nobility resulted that he could not introduce the Raab system in contrast to Czechland and Moravia. The subdivision of state lands directed a part of the German migration to Galicia. The German migration helped him to reach two goals. First, it increased the number of peasant workers; second, a portion of state lands became peasant-owned. The subdivision was only an episode on the way to a new agricultural system. It did not reach the significance of other edicts for instance the abolition of serfdom in 1785. However, its beneficial social and economic effects became clear in the long run.

Drifting Peasant Workers: The Reflection of the Hukou System within the Chinese Cinematic Network

Migrating from rural areas to urban areas, Chinese farmers become part of the urban working class. The migration have attracted both urban cinema and independent documentary to represent the integration of farmers into urban space. However, whether the figures of peasant workers in urban areas can be simply treated as the urban working class is problematic. Here I introduce the theories of textuality and intertextuality to explore the audiovisual representation of Chinese migrant workers within Chinese urban cinema and Chinese independent documentary at the turn of the 21st century, searching for the communal sign representation and social signification of peasant images within urban context. As a result, peasant workers are depicted as drifters between urban areas and rural areas because they are marginalized by local workers, urban elites, and urban governors due to the household registration system. Their identity, cultural manifestation, and social status are shaped by the rural-urban mediation, if not conflict.

Gender and Ethnic Identities Against Neoliberalism in Bolivia

This chapter will address the relevance of social movements as promoters of change in Latin America since the crisis of neoliberalism. The case of Bolivia will be studied specifically, since it is a country that has gone through one of the most remarkable political and social transformation processes in the region. Indigenous-peasant social movements alongwith Bolivian trade unions have opposed to the neoliberal policies applied in their country for more than four decades, to dictatorial governments, to the interference of external powers, and they have mainly claimed for their ethnic and class identity. In this context, the National Confederation of Indigenous Peasant Women of Bolivia - Bartolina Sisa (CNMCIOB-BS) was founded in 1980 within the Central Union of Peasant Workers of Bolivia (CSUTCB).

Physical Culture as Part of the Soviet Culture of the Working Youth in Western Siberia in the Period of Industrialization and Collectivization (1930s)

The study analyzes the transformation of physical education in the 1930s, the involvement of the working youth in it, and the implementation of the social functions of physical education on the example of Western Siberia. The development of physical culture during the period of rapid economic transformations, which predetermined a multiple increase in the industrial capacity of the USSR, is considered on the basis of regional archival material and periodicals. The study showed that the years of industrialization and collectivization became a period of essential transformations in the field of physical culture, including: the creation of a normative basis for physical education and the All-Union Council of Physical Culture and Sports, the inclusion of physical education in socialist competition, the transition to the production principle of building physical education organizations, the creation of labor physical education links, etc. Exercises in the workplace and physical training breaks were recognized as the most appropriate forms of physical culture activities. In accordance with specific economic tasks, the restructuring of the departments activities in the field of physical culture in the region became the agenda of the III Plenary Session of the West Siberian Regional Council of Physical Culture in 1930. Physical training shock-brigades, overfulfilling production plans, were to become the main power to turn Siberian Krai into an industrial-agricultural and cultural territory. Trade unions and the Komsomol had an active position in this issue. In 1932, in Western Siberia, there were 75 thousand members of shock-brigades, combined in 356 self-supporting physical training brigades. Despite its great socioeconomic role, the organization and distribution of physical education in the agricultural sector were faced eith significant difficulties. Some improvement in the situation of the region resulted from measures taken to increase the number of physical education movement members: restructuring of the management of physical education of peasant youth; creation of political departments, introduction of rates for physical education workers in the staffing of machine tractor stations and state farms; holding of mass events. However, the simplest sports facilities appeared only in very few economically strong collective and state farms, the staffing was minimal, and the physical culture movement at the end of the decade was in the process of organizing collectives. Thus, in the 1930s, serious transformations took place in the field of physical culture. They became the prerequisite for the formation of physical culture as part of the Soviet culture and lifestyle of workers, for the solution of economic, social, and political problems. The involvement of Siberian peasant workers in this sphere, increases in workers’ labor productivity and health, among other factors, contributed to the industrialization and collectivization of the state in the short term.

PUBLIC ACTIVITY OF THE STUDENTS OF PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN KYIV IN 20-30s OF THE 20th CENTURY

In the 20–30s of the 20th century special attention was paid to the formation of the ideological worldview of students of education institutions, future teachers who were to shape the political consciousness of the younger generation with communist ideals. The ideological principles of the party were subordinated to the social activities of youth, in particular, in Kyiv pedagogical educational institutions. The article deals with the work of student clubs and student government bodies, various organizations. Since the mid-20s of the 20th century trade union organizations took over the functions of youth advocates, which were largely influenced by university administrations and controlled the social composition of students, who presented themselves as an exclusively peasant workers. Some of the students were embraced by work in the cells of voluntary societies, the government used to propagate their ideas of socialist construction and the ideological education of the masses. The most active were the cells of Tsoaviakhim, which oversaw the work of the rifle circles. Close to them were sports clubs. Universities also operated cells of MOPR, the Friends of the Children societies, the All-Ukrainian Society for Land Organization of Working Jews OZET, and the Friends of Radio. The ideological work among students was intensified by the student press, the production of “live and light newspapers” that covered the processes of building a higher school, the participation of youth organizations in the proletariat of institutes and technical schools, the life and attitude of students, their participation in cultural work etc. Most of the time, students took part in enriching work. In particular, they worked on various campaigns related to raising funds for the state’s economic needs, participating in fundraising to strengthen defense, days of industrialization, etc.