ANTHROPOLOGY OF MEMORY OF RURAL WOMEN OF ZHYTOMYR REGION ABOUT POST-WAR EVERYDAY LIFE

The purpose of the study. The peculiarities of everyday life in the Ukrainian village during the late Stalinism in the framework of women’s survival experience during the first postwar decade are highlighted in the article. The research is based on the memories of peasant women of Zhytomyr region, whose childhood took place in the 1940s. Methodological basis of the study is historical-anthropological approach, with one of its manifestations being the history of everyday life. Scientific novelty. The research of rural everyday life of peasants in Zhytomyr region from the standpoint of gender approach is accomplished for the first time. The survival strategies of rural women in the postwar period are emphasized. The following components of rural everyday life are analysed: work in a collective farm, ways to meet the material and household needs of the family, the behaviour of peasants in the famine circumstances in 1946-1947. Conclusions. Women’s survival strategies in the post-war everyday life were distinguished by extreme nature and ability to adapt to circumstances. During that period, the epicenter of rural life was not a private family but a collective farm as an important economic and social institution. The famine, hard work of the collective farm and the poverty of post-war everyday life still remain a painful stigma in the social memory of rural women.

Household budget management and women’s position in peasant families in the Polish lands in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

This article attempts to answer the question about the position of women in Polish peasant families in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries based on the memoirs of rural women. Contrary to the claim that taking control over the household budget gave women more power on the farm, memoirs of peasant women show that it was rather an additional duty and responsibility. This problem mainly affected low-income families, where income from typically male activities was insufficient, so homemakers supported the family from the female part of the farm: gardening and dairy production. Thus, despite the decisive importance of women’s earnings for the household budget, their power in the family had only a symbolic dimension.

Transformation of Diseased Women in Ding Ling’s Novels—Based on the Metaphor of Disease

In Ding Ling’s novels, she repeatedly adopted the diseased woman as the protagonist in order to present her own thinking of gender and social issues. By establishing a chronological reading of three protagonists, this paper will not only discuss the transformation of the metaphoric usage, but also explore socio-historical implications and gender issues in depth. To better understand both the features of Ding Ling’s artistic innovation and the transition of her identity, and more importantly, to reconfiguring the position of gender issues, this paper adopts the method of analysis and have close reading of three short stories written by Ding Ling, which are Sophia’s Diary, Girl Amao and When I Was in Xia Village, and combines the fictional stories with historical facts. In conclusion, Ding Ling’s depiction of diseased women gradually developed from a private narrative and imitation of romantism into a realistic style, revealing the struggles of peasant women who were damaged by the society, which suggested Ding Ling’s deconstruction of May Fourth discourse and exploration of her leftist identity.

The Image of the Snow Maiden in the Sketches of Costumes for the Russian Theater of the Late 19th Century: Paths of Evolution

В исследовании на основе эскизов костюмов для постановок пьесы «Снегурочка» А. Н. Островского выявляются основные тенденции эволюции образа главной героини на протяжении последней четверти XIX в. Художественное изучение эскизов русских художников-станковистов этого периода и обращение к результатам исследований в области истории народного и сценического костюма, этнографии, биографическим изысканиям позволило рассмотреть изменение облика костюма Снегурочки от первых постановок пьесы (1873) до врубелевского воплощения (1890). Анализируемый образ развивался путем отказа от «художественного подхода», присущего русскому академизму (М. Клодий), последующего обращения к интерпретации В. М. Васнецова, в которой Снегурочка оказалась наиболее точным выражением идеала русской красоты, а затем – к народной романтизации, проявившейся в эскизах Н. К. фон Бооля и М. А. Врубеля. Трактовка В. М. Васнецова установила новый «сказочный канон», сохраняемый в театральном и киноискусстве до сих пор. The aim of the study is to identify the ways and features of the transformation of the fairytale image of the Snow Maiden (the main heroine of the play of the same name by Alexander Ostrovsky) in the conditions of the Russian stage of the late 19th century. The work was carried out on the basis of sketches of stage costumes created by Russian easel painters of the late 19th century. Other important sources were studies in the field of the history of Russian painting and scenography, the history of folk and stage costumes, ethnography; biographical research on Viktor Vasnetsov; Ostrovsky’s diaries. The core of the research was an evolutionary approach, which eventually made it possible to achieve the aim of the study. A comparative historical method was used for discovering the similarity between the motives reflected in the images of the Snow Maiden in the analyzed sketches and Russian folk ornaments of the 19th century that decorated the traditional costumes of Russian peasant women. In the course of the study, the appearance of the Snow Maiden’s costume was analyzed. From how it was shown in the sketches for the first productions of Ostrovsky’s play in the Bolshoi and Maly Theaters (sketches by M. P. Klodt) to the image of the heroine captured in the relief drawing by Mikhail Vrubel. Particular attention was paid to Vasnetsov’s interpretation, in which the image was successfully correlated with the traditional motives that existed in the folk ornament and embroidery of the Russian North. The characteristic features of the image of later authors (Nikolay von Bool and Mikhail Vrubel) were revealed. The later incarnations of the image were studied (for example, in Soviet cinema at the end of the 20th century). It has been established that a sketch of a stage costume solves the problem of the structure of the embodied image, it is an illustration of the author’s artistic beliefs and (in the case of reaching a certain level of artistic perfection) is a guideline for determining the technology of creating a costume. It has been determined that sketches made by old masters of Russian theatrical costume have a special artistic value and expressiveness. The leader among the masters, according to the author, is Vasnetsov, the creator of the authentic, perfect graphics of the Russian folk costume. The image of the Snow Maiden on the Russian stage of the late 19th century developed from the “artistic approach” characteristic of Russian academism and implemented in the works of M. P. Klodt to the most accurate expression of the ideal of Russian beauty embodied by Vasnetsov and further towards popular romanticization (von Bool and Vrubel).

MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS RURAIS E FEMINISMOS: percursos e diálogos na construção do feminismo camponês e popular

<p>Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre alternativas políticas que mulheres camponesas vêm construindo em sua atuação em movimentos sociais rurais no Brasil (no Movimento de Mulheres Camponesas e no Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra). A partir de revisão bibliográfica, análise documental, entrevistas e participação em eventos, buscamos compreender como as dirigentes camponesas, organizadas politicamente, têm procurado alternativas às desigualdades nas relações de gênero no meio rural e pensado<br />a construção do feminismo tendo em vista suas vivências no campo. Entendemos que suas reivindicações levam a uma política própria, criada por mulheres para toda a sociedade, da qual emerge esse feminismo ainda em elaboração, mas que já afirma a busca por novas relações de gênero, de produção e com a natureza, a partir das práticas cotidianas do “modo de vida” das mulheres camponesas. Mesmo diante do avanço do neoconservadorismo no Brasil, essas mulheres estão construindo o feminismo camponês e popular como<br />movimento de autonomia e esperança.</p><p><strong>RURAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND FEMINISM: paths and dialogues in the construction of popular peasant feminism</strong><br /><br />This article discusses political alternatives proposed by peasant women during rural social movements in Brazil, such as the Landless Workers Movement (MST) and the Peasant Women Movement (MMC). From bibliographic review,<br />document analysis, interviews, and participation in events, we sought to understand how politically organized peasant women leaders have articulated<br />alternatives to gender inequalities in rural areas and constructed feminism from their experiences in the country field. We perceive that their claims lead to a particular policy, created by women, but aimed for the overall society. From such policy emerges this feminism that, although under construction, already states the search for new gender, production, and nature relations, based on the daily practices of the peasant women. Despite the advance of neoconservatism in Brazil, these women have been building the popular peasant feminism as a movement of autonomy and hope.</p><p>Keywords: Peasant Feminism. Gender. Peasantry. Rural Women. Hope.</p><p><strong>DES MOUVEMENTS SOCIAUX RURAUX ET DES FÉMINISMES: parcours et dialogues dans la construction du féminisme paysan et populaire</strong><br /><br />Cet article refléchit sur des alternatives politiques dont des femmes paysannes sont en train de construire le long des mouvements sociaux ruraux au Brésil(Mouvement des Travailleurs Ruraux Sans-Terre – MST et dans le Mouvement des Femmes Paysannes – MMC).De la revue bibliographique, de l’analyse des documents, de l’ouverture et de la participation à des événements, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment les femmes leaders paysannes politiquement organisées réfléchissent elles-mêmes aux alternatives aux inégalités dans les relations de genre en milieu rural et à la construction du féminisme depuis leurs expériences dans le pays champ. On comprend que leurs<br />revendications ménent à une politique propre, édifié par des femmes pour toute la societé, d’où émerge ce féminisme encore en construction, mais que affirme<br />déjà la recherche de: nouvelles rélations de genre, nouvelles rélations de production et avec la nature, depuis les pratiques quotidiennes du mode de vie<br />des femmes paysannes. Même devant le progrès du néoconservatisme au Brésil, ces femmes sont en train de construire leféminismepaysan et populaireen tant<br />quemouvement d’autonomie et espoir.</p><p>Motsclés: Féminisme Paysan. Genre. Paysannerie. Femmes Rurales. Espoir.</p>

The Relational Dynamics of Becoming Popular Feminist Subjects: The World March of Women and Rural/Peasant Women’s Organizing in Brazil in the 2000s

The constitution and consolidation of rural and peasant women as popular feminist subjects in Brazil are the result not only of processes internal to these constituencies but also of relational dynamics involving cross-class and cross-movement popular activist organizations. Since the end of the 1990s, organizations and activists identifying with the World March of Women in western Rio Grande do Norte and at the national scale have consciously engaged with rural and peasant women and assisted them in becoming and consolidating themselves as popular feminist subjects. Relational dynamics have also been important in the (unfinished) process of transforming, extending, and deepening the dual meaning of “popular feminism” in Brazil. A constituição e consolidação das mulheres rurais e camponesas como sujeitos feministas populares no Brasil são o resultado não apenas de processos internos desses grupos, mas também das dinâmicas relacionais que envolvem organizações ativistas populares de classes e movimentos. Desde o final da década de 1990, organizações e ativistas que se identificam com a Marcha Mundial das Mulheres da região Oeste do Rio Grande do Norte e em escala nacional têm se engajado conscientemente com as mulheres rurais e camponesas, ajudando as mesmas a se tornarem e consolidarem como sujeitos feministas populares. As dinâmicas relacionais têm sido importantes também no processo (incompleto) de transformação, extensão e aprofundamento do duplo significado de “feminismo popular” no Brasil.

Abortions in the Under-Russian Ukraine in the 19th – early 20th centuries: modernization vs. traditional culture

The article considers the attitude of the society of the Under-Russian Ukraine of the 19th – early 20th centuries to abortion through the prism of confronting the values of traditional culture with its condemnation of abortion as a sin of infanticide, and new urbanization trends that justified abortion. The growth in the number of abortions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which was a natural consequence of the deformation of the family institution against the background of modernization processes, has been demonstrated. The reasons that pushed women to have an abortion have been analysed. If among rural girls the main reason was the fear of being punished by the community for premarital sex or adultery, becoming an outcast (single mother), etc., among urban residents the material factor dominated (inability to feed a large number of children). At the same time, it was determined why abortions were low popularity among peasant women (strong positions of the Christian doctrine of infanticide, high probability of death during the operation, the dominance of the cult of the mother). Methods of abortion (mechanical and chemical) are given. The criminal liability of women and midwives for miscarriage is shown. The author provides significant statistics on the number of people convicted of criminal abortion not only in the Russian Empire, but also in the world, as well as examples of public struggle for the decriminalization of abortion. Legislation of the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century demonstrates a much more loyal attitude towards women who have resorted to abortion, given the new realities and challenges of the time. The probability of punishment for abortion was low, because, on the one hand, most miscarriages were made voluntarily, and therefore cases were rarely sent to court, except in the case of a woman’s death during surgery, and on the other hand – jurors often acquitted abortions. women and midwives.