LEGAL BACKGROUND OF EUROPEAN UNION COMPETITION LAW

Key words: competition law, objectives, undertakings, directive, provision, prohibitions, abuse

Kompetisi Surat Kabar Lokal Berdasarkan Tingkat Kepuasan Biro Iklan pada Layanan Jasa Media Surat Kabar

Business newspaper has eliciting competition over source life of supporting media industry, i.e. capital, types of content and types of audience. This research explains the newspaper’s competition based on advertiser satisfaction as a benchmark of media effectiveness. Adopting the theory of uses & gratification and using variables of gratification sought and gratification obtained, these studies examine 5 local newspapers in Yogyakarta. The instrument of competitive strategy is using for further analysis, consisting of superiority direction and superiority magnitude measurements. The results showed that advertising agencies haven’t felt the satisfaction of the services provided by the local newspaper. Key words: competition, gratification sought, gratification obtained, superiority direction, superiority magnitude .Abstrak: Bisnis surat kabar telah memunculkan kompetisi yang memperebutkan sumber penunjang hidup industri media, yakni modal, isi media, dan jenis audiens. Penelitian ini menjelaskan kompetisi tersebut berdasarkan kepuasan pengiklan sebagai tolok ukur efektivitas media. Mengadopsi teori uses & gratification dengan menggunakan variabel gratification sought dan gratification obtained, penelitian ini menguji lima surat kabar lokal di Yogyakara. Selanjutnya dianalisis dengan menggunakan instrumen competitive superiority, terdiri dari superiority direction dan superiority magnitude. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biro iklan belum merasakan kepuasan dari layanan yang diberikan oleh jasa surat kabar lokal.

STUDI POTENSI KOMPETISI ANTARA PASAR TRADISIONAL DENGAN TOKO MODERN PASCA PERATURAN PRESIDEN (PERPRES) NOMOR 112 TAHUN 2007 DI MADURA

The presence of Regulation the President No. 112 of 2007 is expected to realize the presence of a modern store that can compete in a healthy and fair with traditional markets. Although it has been mentioned that the establishment of modern stores have to pay attention spatial plan district, does not detract from the fact zoning violations on the establishment of a modern store. The study was based on indepth interviews with informants, traditional markets, modern store merchants, officials in the region Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, Sumenep.The results of this study can be concluded that the competition between the traditional market with modern stores after the enactment of Regulation the Presidential No.112 of 2007 increasingly stringent, as evidenced by the increasing proliferation of modern stores, especially the mini-sale systems and types of merchandise similar to the traditional markets. The factors that became the driving and inhibiting competition is no regulation and management matters. Efforts are being made in overcoming the constraints of competition through improved physical infrastructure, but have not touched on the professionalism of the management of traditional markets. Key words : competition, traditional market, modern store after the enactment Regulation the President No. 112 of 2007

Light dynamics and free-to-grow standards in aspen-dominated mixedwood forests

This study examines light competition between aspen and spruce during the sequence of aspen development. Leaf area index and light transmission were measured or estimated for aspen stands from 2 to 125 years old. Light transmission was lowest at 15-25 years, and in some stands, transmission was less than 5% of above-canopy light. Hypothetical aspen stands with various stem configurations and heights were developed, and positions were identified that would meet or fail Alberta free-to-grow (FTG) standards. Light transmission was estimated at each position with the MIXLIGHT forest light simulator. Positions in canopy gaps or at the northern sides of canopy gaps had higher light. In general, however, there was little difference in available light between positions that met or failed FTG criteria. Stand density and size of aspen trees appears to be a better index to predict light transmission and spruce success in juvenile aspen stands than current FTG criteria. Key words: competition, free to grow, hardwood, spruce, light

Survey of yield losses due to weeds in central Alberta

Weedy and weed-free yields were determined in fields of barley, canola, and peas in Lacombe County, Alberta, Canada from 1995 to 1997. Yield losses were most frequent and severe in peas, and least frequent and less severe in barley. Yield losses due to weed competition were not detectable at 33, 60, and 73% of the pea, canola, and barley sites, respectively. Key words: Competition, interference, barley, canola, peas

Competition Model in a Chemostat with Monotone Functional Response

In this paper, a model for competition of two populations of microorganisms in a chemostat with monotone functional response is considered. We prove that the solutions are positive and bounded for all time. Stability of nonnegative equilibria and persistence of solutions are presented. Graphical results are also given to help illustrate the key points in the population dynamics of the model. Key words: competition; local stability; global stability; persistence. GANIT J. Bangladesh Math. Soc. (ISSN 1606-3694) 30 (2010) 100-110 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ganit.v30i0.8507