Two Obstacle Factors for Technological Standardization: The Viewpoint of Technological Frame

The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), which is an architecture in which devices supplied by various firms and services operated by distributed organizations exchange data, has been adopted in an increasing number of situations. While there are cases in which a small number of limited organizations collaborate on certain ecosystems based on proprietary specifications, the development of open standards is increasingly important for building scalable ecosystems because of the introduction of the concepts of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0. Under these circumstances, there are two types of barriers to standardization. One barrier is the lack of shared frames for architectural design. The other barrier is the lack of awareness of the need for scalability. In this paper, we analyze the factors underlying these two barriers and discuss the path towards breakthroughs.

Collaboration in Science

The article provides a brief overview of the philosophical and methodological problems of modern collaborative research. Collaborations – distributed organizations with variable membership, consisting of a large number (sometimes several thousand) of participants – are common in experimental high-energy physics studying microcosm objects, elementary particles arising in collisions of beams of accelerated particles and nuclei at collider accelerators, as well as in biomedicine and climatology. The central issues are authorship, epistemic ownership and dependence in collaborations, the division of epistemic labor in interdisciplinary research, as well as related issues of scientific organization – peer review and distribution of credit in a team. Formally, the author, conceived as a list of persons appearing as authors of a collaborative scientific work, seems to be defined by the specific participants of the collaboration core, i.e., is a construct. However, the question can also be understood as “What does it mean to be the author of a scientific work?”, and then the answer becomes much less certain. Authorship of thousand-people articles is justified psychologically as the desire for regular performance of a ritual, which allows demonstrating joint belonging to a certain tradition, such as a long experiment, affiliation with the “workshop” of scientists studying phenomena of the microworld, which allows scientists, despite of their daily preoccupation with technical routines, to distinguish themselves from non-epistemic communities (engineers, technicians). However, specific rules that determine exactly who and why are worthy of being included as co-authors have been undergoing changes in recent years. In addition to theoretical significance, many of the problems discussed are related to actual practical issues of scientometry and the organization of scientific research, and therefore approaches to their solution can be directly embodied in scientific policy.

Social Networking and Knowledge Sharing in Organizations

Knowledge sharing in organizational context is facilitated by communicative process affected by varied social dynamics. It can be a difficult process in case of distributed organizations as employees may not be aware of the right source of getting advice and expertise. In such a scenario, social networking tools provide the required functionality for such sharing and lead to better social ties among knowledge providers and seekers across the organization. The chapter brings out some factors that affect knowledge-sharing behavior in the context of organizations using social networking tools as a communicative media.

Social Networking and Knowledge Sharing in Organizations

Knowledge sharing in organizational context is facilitated by communicative process affected by varied social dynamics. It can be a difficult process in case of distributed organizations as employees may not be aware of the right source of getting advice and expertise. In such a scenario, social networking tools provide the required functionality for such sharing and lead to better social ties among knowledge providers and seekers across the organization. The present article brings out some factors that affect knowledge sharing behavior in context of organizations using social networking tools as a communicative media.

Knowledge Transfer and Team Performance in Distributed Organizations

The strategic significance of knowledge transfer to leverage team performance in geographically distributed organizations has been extensively studied. However, there is a dearth of scholarship about the interlacing dependencies between knowledge transfer, virtual collaboration, e-collaboration technologies and virtual team performance. This study explores the impact of virtual collaboration and e-collaboration technologies, mediated by knowledge transfer, on team performance in virtual environments. The authors report on the findings of multiple regressions and path analysis carried out on data collected from 219 key informants. The study found that virtual collaboration, e-collaboration technologies, and knowledge transfer differentially affect team performance. The authors propose a holistic framework which aligns virtual collaborative systems with business goals to advance the design and conceptualization of knowledge-based virtual teams.

ACTIVE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT UNDER UNCERTAINTY

The paper describes the use of fuzzy set theory and theory of active systems for constructing systems that manage geographically distributed organizations under uncertainty. Unification algorithms for fuzzy data and their use for choosing management of distant objects are presented.