Leadership in a school context: how leadership styles are associated with leadership outcomes

Purpose: This paper aims at examining how principal leadership styles are associated with leadership outcomes in an Indonesian school context. Research Methodology: Survey data were collected using MLQ 5X-Short and a demographic questionnaire completed by 475 teachers in 36 junior high schools in the Province of Lampung, Indonesia. With the help of SPSS version 22, the collected data were initially analyzed using descriptive statistics and then Pearson product-moment correlation. Results: Results show that transformational and transactional leadership styles are positively and significantly associated with the leadership outcomes, but the laissez-faire leadership style is negatively and significantly associated with the leadership outcomes. Limitations: This paper used a quantitative research approach and is acknowledged for being limited to using the survey questionnaire so that it could not explain why and how principal leadership styles affect such leadership outcomes. Contribution: This paper theoretically and practically contributes to the body of knowledge, particularly concerning leadership styles and their outcomes. Keywords: School leadership, Leadership outcomes, Principal, teacher

Principal Leadership Styles and Teacher Job Performance: Viewpoint of Middle Management

Achievement-oriented leaders let their followers know their expectations. They regularly set clear goals with potential high-performance standards, they trust in the capabilities of their subordinates, and they encourage the continued performance improvement of their subordinates. This investigation studied the effects of private secondary school principals’ leadership styles on teachers’ job performance. Four leadership styles outlined in the path–goal theory and five key performance indicators (KPIs) of teacher job performance were chosen for the present research. Numerous prior studies have documented this subject. However, they reported on teacher job performance as a single unit. Therefore, a concerted effort was required to examine the effects of adopted principal leadership styles on each of the five key performance indicators of teacher job performance. A total of 253 middle management personnel took part in this empirical study. The correlation findings from the structural equation modeling revealed that the directive leadership style had a significant effect on teacher job performance in the studied schools, followed by the supportive and achievement-oriented leadership styles. Conversely, although participative leadership was identified as a significant predictor, it was not considered a promising predictor of teacher job performance. This research was conducted in a non-Western culture, where directive leadership is beneficial for encouraging teacher job performance; this claim is greatly supported by the available rigorous literature.