Technological and Ethical Challenges of Online Education

The impact of technology can be felt throughout the medical education continuum. From online learning environments in blended learning approaches to exclusively providing the preclinical curriculum online, there is a growing need to optimize the way that technology supports self-directed learning in the next generation of medical professionals. In this chapter, the authors address issues of best practice surrounding the development of virtual content for medical education. The information presented will be integral for medical education professionals, basic science/clinical faculty, and educational assessment specialists with an interest in the use of technology for contemporary medical education. The goal is to offer an overview of the theory and ethics behind adopting an online strategy for medical education. An emphasis is placed on developing best practices for presenting content, a comparison of blended and online-only approaches, and the ethical considerations necessary for the successful training of medical professionals online.

Meaningful Assessment

The purpose of the chapter is to assist teachers to provide meaningful assessments that enable them to explain the results to learners, parents, and fellow educators and determine what learning activities are needed. Assessment is a complex term because it implies so many diverse ideas: tests, examinations, rubrics, grades, performance reports, and evaluations. Clearly, there is a need for teachers to clarify and determine which assessment approach fits the different learning goals that comprise the curriculum. The chapter opens with a challenge for readers to consider a variety of assessment metaphors based on current research and the views of different assessment specialists. The chapter then examines the different assessment approaches based on their contexts of the approach and also clarifies what each approach can and cannot provide. Selected response, constructed response, observations, interviews, authentic performances, projects, and portfolios are described in light of their contexts. The chapter ends with a reflection to determine a personal assessment metaphor.

Equitable Assessment and Evaluation of Young Language Learners

This chapter discusses major contributions in research and professional assessment development and reviews key classifications in young language learner assessment (YLLA). Using the five-level metric (close, immediate, proximal, distal, and remote) by Ruiz-Primo et al., the authors classify assessments as curriculum aligned or non-aligned. Inequalities limiting access to learning and to opportunities for achievement (economic status, pre-primary education, digital environment) are linked to the five metrics. They review international examinations for YLLs (Cambridge, TOEFL, Pearson) and measure their alignment with an interactive and performative-enacted curriculum. Recommendations are given for separating external assessments as local or international in washback phenomena, for the inclusion of national assessment specialists in the research paradigm, and for greater attention to language assessment literacy in teacher training. The authors predict that increases in distance and digital learning will determine future forms of YLLA and exacerbate existing inequities.

ORGANIZATION OF MEDICAL REHABILITATION IN JAPAN: CONDITION AND PROSPECTS

In Japan, much attention is paid to the development of medical rehabilitation. This is due to serious economic, social and moral losses that society suffers in connection with an increase in the number of disabling diseases and injuries, as well as a marked aging of the population. In Japan, a legislative and normative-methodological base for rehabilitation has been formed, staged rehabilitation has been organized (acute period, rehabilitation, outpatient). Equipment standards, staffing and other standards for rehabilitation services have been developed, depending on the type of disease. Great importance is given to patient routing and treatment quality assessment. Specialists are being trained: rehabilitologist, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, nurses, social workers. All specialists are included in the list of staffing standards for medical institutions necessary for obtaining accreditation for medical rehabilitation. Payment for medical care in Japan is based on the insurance principle. The cost and standard term for receiving rehabilitation assistance depending on the disease is determined by insurance standards. An example of the work of a rehabilitation center - the Society for Social and Medical Assistance Hokuto ​​(Hokkaido, Obihiro).

ACTFL معيار جودة تعليم اللغة العربية في المدرسة الثانوية في أندونيسيا على أسس معيار

Quality is a business oriented to customer or user satisfaction. In the world of learning, quality is closely related to the outcome achieved after the learning process. Similarly with Arabic Learning. In Indonesia, Arabic is taught from the level of Madrasah Ibtidaiyyah to Higher Education especially those under the auspices of the Ministry of Religious Affairs. As a non-Arabic speaking country, Indonesia has a high learning Arabic interest. This expectation is then used as a standard in the acquisition of learning Arabic. Therefore, the curriculum, as a standard of learning process must be adjusted to foreign language learning standards, one of which is made by ACTFL. The ACTFL (American Councils on the Teaching of Foreign Language) is a national association for professional language education from all levels of teaching and represents all languages including Arabic. In detail, ACTFL provides an explanation of Arabic skills and samples that are intended to assist Arabic teachers, students and assessment specialists according to predetermined standards that include four skills in Arabic (istima ', kalam, qira'ah, and kitabah ).This study aims to obtain an analysis of standard Arabic language learning in madrasah in Indonesia based on ACTFL standards. Content analysis in the form of Madrasah Tsanawiyah curriculum document and ACTFL 2012 Proficiency Guidance document. The results of this study indicate that the standard of learning Arabic in Islamic schools in Indonesia is at the level of novice law hing novice mid for the fourth maharah. This indicates that the standard of learning Arabic in Indonesia is in accordance with the standards applicable at the international level, so that basically been able to meet the expectations of its users. Keywords: Quality, Arabic Curriculum at Madrasa Tsanawiya, ACTFL Standards

Technological and Ethical Challenges of Online Education

The impact of technology can be felt throughout the medical education continuum. From online learning environments in blended learning approaches to exclusively providing the preclinical curriculum online, there is a growing need to optimize the way that technology supports self-directed learning in the next generation of medical professionals. In this chapter, the authors address issues of best practice surrounding the development of virtual content for medical education. The information presented will be integral for medical education professionals, basic science/clinical faculty, and educational assessment specialists with an interest in the use of technology for contemporary medical education. The goal is to offer an overview of the theory and ethics behind adopting an online strategy for medical education. An emphasis is placed on developing best practices for presenting content, a comparison of blended and online-only approaches, and the ethical considerations necessary for the successful training of medical professionals online.

The development of EFL examinations in Haiti: Collaboration and language assessment literacy development

Research was conducted during the delivery of a series of workshops on language assessment with Haitian teachers in the spring of 2013. The final products of these workshops were several revised national English examinations presented to the Haitian Ministry of Education and Professional Training (MENFP). The research goal was to examine the language assessment literacy (LAL) development of both teachers and language assessment specialists during this collaboration. Data included the compiled feedback from Haitian teachers on draft examinations during the workshops, as well as survey and interview responses immediately following the workshops. Results reveal the complementary expertise of teachers and specialists, which facilitated LAL development by both parties. Results also identified challenges in collaborative decision making and consensus building to be addressed in future projects.

From analytics to action: how Shell digitized recruitment

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to share how Shell HR enabled technological change in their graduate hiring assessments. Design/methodology/approach Shell receives over 100,000 applications for their global graduate program each year for fewer than 1,000 technical and commercial positions. The foundation of the recruitment process is the assessments, providing data and insight on which to make selection decisions. The effectiveness of the assessments, along with attracting the best candidates, determines the quality of hire and long-term value to Shell. To stay competitive in the market with job seekers, Shell recruitment wanted to create a streamlined assessment approach that could be delivered through available technology. HR analytics and assessment specialists collaborated to review the current graduate assessments to enhance candidate assessment data, boost candidate experience, leverage technology and make structural changes that improve cost effectiveness, scalability and efficiency for variable hire demand levels. Focus groups, interviews, candidate experience surveys and assessment center data were examined. Findings The findings indicate that the assessment process was robust but could be streamlined, particularly by digitizing the process. For example, pre-recorded video interviewing could be utilized early in the assessment process. Originality/value This paper sheds light on the success factors of digitizing the recruitment assessment process. Information on bringing data analysis to recommendations and implementation is shared.

Investigating language assessment literacy: Collaboration between assessment specialists and Canadian university admissions officers

There are increasing numbers of non-native English speaking applicants to Canadian universities (AUCC 2008a, 2010), which are committed to promoting linguistic and cultural diversity (AUCC 2008b). One result of this trend is that university admissions officers, as gatekeepers, are faced with a growing and potentially confusing array of language test scores when making their decisions. These admissions decision makers need a certain amount of language assessment literacy (LAL) to enable them to make use of these language test scores effectively and ethically (O’Loughlin 2011, 2013). This article reports on the first phase of a project designed to address this challenge. The project involves the collaboration of assessment professionals and admissions officers across Canada in determining the LAL base needed for users of language test scores in university admissions decision-making.This first phase of research consisted of a survey with university admissions officers across Canada, inquiring about their knowledge, beliefs, and levels of confidence in making use of language test scores in decision-making. Results have begun to reveal the nature of the LAL needed for these users, and have suggested the most appropriate content for later informational workshops with admissions officers (Phase 2 of the project). While some evidence of misunderstanding was identified, respondents demonstrate awareness of concepts related to validity in language assessment, albeit without making use of the conventional language of the field.