Making “Tribes” in the Late Ottoman Empire

Oymak. Al. Boy. Cemaat. Taife. Aşiret. These are the terms Ottoman officials used in imperial orders (mühimme) to describe diverse human communities linked by their mobility and externality to village administration in Ottoman Anatolia between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. In 1924, Turkish historian Ahmet Refik compiled Ottoman imperial orders concerning such communities into a volume he titled Anadolu'da Türk Aşiretleri, 966–1200 (Turkish Tribes in Anatolia, 1560–1786). His use of the term aşiret (tribe) in the title is striking, because this term was only used in 9% of the orders in his volume (23 out of 244 total). However, by the late nineteenth century and in Refik's early Republican context, aşiret had become the standard term for these rural, extra-village, mobile human communities, which he understood as similar enough to include in his painstaking effort of compilation.

Students’ Attitudes Towards the Use of Wikipedia: A Teaching Tool and a Way to Modernize Teaching

This paper presents a research on students’ attitudes towards the use of Wikipedia in teaching. The sample was comprised of students from the Pedagogical Faculty in Vranje, a higher education institution affiliated with the University of Niš, Serbia. Students were assigned to write articles on Wikipedia as an alternative to writing their standard term papers. That way the Wikipedia content became significantly enriched. They positively evaluated Wikipedia as a teaching tool. The results confirmed that students preferred creating articles on Wikipedia to writing standard term papers. Those results may contribute significantly to further improvement and modernization of university teaching.

Optimum of Dual Antiplatelet Duration and Followed Monotherapy in Diabetes Mellitus After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of 20536 Patients From 18 Randomized Trials

Background: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of short-term (≤3-month) dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), midterm (6-month) DAPT, standard-term (12-month) DAPT and extended-term (＞12-month) DAPT in diabetes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stent (DES). To Compare discontinuation of DAPT followed by aspirin with P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy for detailed optimal scheme.Methods: Randomized, controlled trials were searched using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane library and clinicaltrials.gov. up to October 10, 2020. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted with a random-effect model.Results: A total of 18 randomized trials encompassing 20536 diabetic patients were included. Network analysis showed that short-term DAPT is best for reducing primary endpoint, which is superior to extended-term DAPT (odds ratio 0.48, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.85). Standard-term was also associated with reduce risk of primary endpoint in comparison with prolonged DAPT (0.56, 0.32 to 0.90). There was no noticeable difference with respect to primary endpoint between short-term DAPT followed by aspirin monotherapy and P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy. No significant differences were observed in secondary endpoints, including all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, MI, stroke, TVR, definite or probable stent thrombosis and major bleeding.Conclusions: Short-term DAPT was associated with the better primary endpoint benefit for patients with diabetes after PCI with DES, compared with extended-term DAPT. Although the optimal duration should balance risk-benefit ratio between personal ischemic and bleeding events, this study suggested short term DAPT followed by P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy may be the optimal therapy for most diabetes after PCI with DES.

(Too) long nineteenth century: The critique of linear time and evolution

Linear time is a standard term in many sciences and is important in the study of evolution. In this paper, several critical arguments are presented in terms of the notion of linear time from quantum mechanics over cosmological anthropic principle to the sociology of time with special reference to contemporary societies (Gurvitch). In considering the causes of contemporary crises that jeopardize liberal capitalism and democracy, and threaten the survival of humanity, the concept of ?long nineteenth century? whose features are recycled in a system of inequality and conflict on the social class-nation-empire line was proposed as an explanatory framework. As an alternative concept of time, a triple spiral has been proposed whose traces can be recognized in Simmel, and in an explicit way in works of art. Further discussion of the applicability of nonlinear time in the theory of society would probably be difficult, as it implies a paradigmatic shift from new geocentrism and the anthropic principle to the cosmic relations of human society, which can be discerned more in hermeneutic than analytical and critical approaches to society.

ORGANIZATION OF MEDICAL REHABILITATION IN JAPAN: CONDITION AND PROSPECTS

In Japan, much attention is paid to the development of medical rehabilitation. This is due to serious economic, social and moral losses that society suffers in connection with an increase in the number of disabling diseases and injuries, as well as a marked aging of the population. In Japan, a legislative and normative-methodological base for rehabilitation has been formed, staged rehabilitation has been organized (acute period, rehabilitation, outpatient). Equipment standards, staffing and other standards for rehabilitation services have been developed, depending on the type of disease. Great importance is given to patient routing and treatment quality assessment. Specialists are being trained: rehabilitologist, physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, nurses, social workers. All specialists are included in the list of staffing standards for medical institutions necessary for obtaining accreditation for medical rehabilitation. Payment for medical care in Japan is based on the insurance principle. The cost and standard term for receiving rehabilitation assistance depending on the disease is determined by insurance standards. An example of the work of a rehabilitation center - the Society for Social and Medical Assistance Hokuto ​​(Hokkaido, Obihiro).

Romance

“Romance” is a term that has been variously applied to long-form verse narratives, episodic prose narratives, drama, stories from late Greek antiquity, and a popular subgenre of contemporary mass market fiction. In the 18th and 19th centuries it vied with “novel” as the standard term for the genre (before the latter won out to become part of our common vocabulary). Romance has also become a standard division of Shakespeare’s works, a dramatic genre that, beginning in the 19th century, stood alongside comedy, tragedy, and history as one of the cornerstones of the canon. Indeed, readers and scholars use “romance” so promiscuously as to suggest the near impossibility of drawing its definition with any clarity or meaning. Is the word merely an empty signifier for an incoherent concept? A vague label that is “generic” in the most unhelpful sense? Perhaps, contrarily, “romance” has power as a label because of its variability and range. On a practical level, understanding the pliant ways that readers, publishers, and writers have used this term provides insight to one of the richest (and perhaps oldest) veins of storytelling. Romance also gives us a view of how those same traditions ultimately derive from more ancient and esoteric forms. As it relates to a theory of genre, too, romance has been indispensable. Two of the most important treatments of genre theory, by Northrop Frye and Fredric Jameson, center on romance as a literary and historical practice. To study romance is therefore to study the shapes and traditions of genre itself; to theorize romance is to provide a history and conceptual framework for how genres have worked and continue to work within storytelling practices.

Trapezountian Pontic Greek in Etoloakarnania

The variety described here is Pontic Greek (ISO 639 name: pnt), and specifically the variety that originates from Trapezounta in Asia Minor (present-day Trabzon in Turkey) as spoken today in Etoloakarnania, Greece by second-generation refugees. The term ‘Pontic Greek’ (in Greek: ) was originally an etic term, while Pontians called their language by other names, mainly [ɾoˈmeika] ‘Romeika’ (Sitaridou 2016) but also [laziˈka] ‘Laz language’ (Drettas 1997: 19, 620), even though Pontians and Laz people do not share the same language, the latter being Caucasian. Nowadays, is the standard term used not only by researchers, but also by native speakers of Pontic Greek born in Greece to refer to their variety (but see Sitaridou 2013 for Romeyka in the Black Sea). Pontic Greek belongs to the Asia Minor Greek group along with other varieties, such as Cappadocian Greek (e.g. Horrocks 2010: 398–404; Sitaridou 2014: 31). According to Sitaridou (2014, 2016), on the basis of historical reconstruction, the Pontic branch of Asia Minor Greek is claimed to have been divided into two major dialectal groups: Pontic Greek as spoken by Christians until the 20th century in Turkey and Romeyka as spoken by Muslims to date in Turkey. Triantafyllidis (1938/1981: 288) divides Pontic varieties, as were spoken in Asia Minor, into three dialectal groups, namely Oinountian, Chaldiot, and Trapezountian, the latter consisting of the varieties that were spoken at Trapezounta, Kerasounta, Rizounta, Sourmena, Ofis, Livera, Tripolis, and Matsouka in Asia Minor (Trabzon, Giresun, Sürmene, Of, Yazlık, Tirebolu, and Maçka respectively in present-day Turkey). However, Triantafyllidis does not explain his criteria for this classification (Chatzissavidis 2012). According to one other classification (Papadopoulos 1955: 17–18; Papadopoulos 1958: $\upzeta$ ), the variety that was used in Trapezounta belongs to the dialectal group in which post-stressed /i/ and /u/ delete along other varieties, such as e.g. the ones that were spoken in Chaldia (present-day Gümüşhane), Sourmena, and Ofis (as opposed to the rest of Pontic varieties, such as the one of Kerasounta, in which those vowels are retained). Trapezountian Pontic Greek can also be classified with the group of varieties that retain word-final /n/, such as the varieties of Kerasounta and Chaldia, as opposed to the varieties that do not retain it, such as the ones of Oinoe (present-day Ünye) and (partially) Ofis (Papadopoulos 1958: θ).

Article Keyword Selection

Keyword selection is the second Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences short guidance piece on the international academic standards. As a Section Editor at SJMS, I am honored to be invited to write in this series. In future, I can see SJMS leading the way to improving the publishing standards in Sudan's medical field. And with the current practice and unique services that SJMS provides for their readers and authors, it marks its step to be one of the best regional journals in the discipline. The Importance of Keywords As authors, we aspire to share our work among the readers in our field and get appropriately cited. Here comes the volume for the authors' keywords. The first journey for each manuscript begins with a literature review in which the indexing databases such as Scopus and PubMed are searched for any present work related to our ideas. This ends by the citation of most of those works in our reference list. It is curial to select your keywords so that it acts as a promoter for your work among your colleagues. Apart from being used by the indexing service to classify your work, keywords for the publisher and the editorial board serve as a guidance for choosing the referee for your article and your paper's subject. How to choose your keyword? First, make a list of words from the manuscript, which you believe represents the work's essential idea. They could also be a phrase (e.g., colon cancer). Most researchers use sentences or phrases in search engines. Do not use words from your title, as this will decrease the chances of the article appearing during the logarithmic search. There is also a word generator engine like MeSH on Demand, a google keyword planner. Each journal has its own maximum number of keywords; for SJMS, the number of keywords are specified according to the article types. Next, have a look at the standard term used for indexing in the medical field (MeSH, PsycInfo, and others) and ensure that the keyword of your choice is listed there. Lastly, go through the standard search engine used commonly by professionals in your field and type it to see if the same titles as yours come up. To publish means to be known. I believe each article's minor part deserves the same input as a significant section.

INNOCENT UNTIL PRESENTED

This paper analyzes a practice of presenting suspects, which is a ritual that displays a suspect before the media. Until now, although it is frequently used by the police, there has been no attempt to examine such practices in Indonesia. In the criminal procedure scholarship, there is no standard term to describe it. This article will refer to such ritual as a presentation of suspects. This ritual has also been practiced around the world with different methods and has a long history, especially in the United States. This article discusses the presentation of suspects and question whether such a ritual is a violation of the fundamental rights of being presumed innocent until found guilty. Two issues will be examined to answer this question: The purported objectives for the practice and the accused’s right to be presumed innocent. The term innocence here is a presumptively innocent and not factually innocent. With that in mind, to some degree, this article realizes it would be permissible to deprive their liberty if it has a higher purpose.