Історія журналістики в часи презентизму: досвід США

Дослідження змін темпоральних уявлень останнім часом актуалізувалися в межах технічних наук, у комунікативістиці, історії, психології, культурології та мистецтвознавстві. Поширеними стали практики переосмислення часу історичного, як результат — звернення до явища презентизму, у якому «суспільство переорієнтовується на поточний момент» (Д. Рашкофф), контекстність відтворюється через повсякденний приватний досвід, а емоційність/емпатичність є своєрідним посередником для розуміння минулого. Метод «дослідження життєвих історій» запропонований автором як спосіб представлення історико-журналістського контексту через взаємодію між індивідуальним досвідом і узагальненими практиками та як можливий варіант виходу з неподоланої досі кризи ідентичності дисципліни «Історія журналістики». В американському журналістикознавстві такий міждисциплінарний підхід зреалізовано в діяльності Асоціації освіти в галузі журналістики та масових комунікацій, у просторі академічних дискусій: відповідну тематичну підбірку проаналізовано в журналах Journalism & Mass Communication Educator (JMCE) та American Journalism. Історія журналістики як дискурс пам’яті очевидців та свідків у статті проілюстрований трьома видами усноісторичних матеріалів: класичні традиційні архіви медіаеліти (колекції Колумбійського університету Columbia University’s Oral History Research Office, Інституту медіадосліджень Пойнтера); архіви журналістських об’єднань та спільнот (Фонд «Усні історії» Вашингтонського пресклубу, проєкт пенсільванських журналістів Newspaper Journalists Oral History Program, журналістів Айови Iowa Journalists Oral Histories) з окремішнім проєктом «Жінки в журналістиці»; на прикладі ресурсу Riptide представлені осучаснені варіанти подання історико-журналістської інформації.

From the history of American journalism.

The monograph examines the period in the history of the United States immediately preceding the Civil War of 1861-1865. The problem that is at the center of the author's attention is the public opinion of Americans on the most important domestic political issues. The paper analyzes the influence of the newspaper "New York Tribune" on the formation of views, opinions and preferences of Americans. For the first time in Russian American studies, a thorough analysis of the leading periodical of the pre-war period is given, the composition of the editorial staff and the views of journalists are described in detail. Special attention is paid to the founder and publisher of "Tribune" Horace Greeley. The monograph examines both socio-economic problems and the party-political struggle. The most important compromise measures, the Civil War in Kansas, the presidential elections of 1856 and 1860 are evaluated through the prism of the comments of the New York Tribune and at the same time through the perception of its readers. As a result, the monograph creates a multicolored palette of opinions of North Americans, their perception of the situation in the country on the eve of the Civil War. This allows us to expand and deepen our understanding of the causes of the second North American revolution. For professionals, students, and anyone interested in the problems of history.

Objectivity is an Elusive Ideal that Can Never be Achieved

The Paper investigates objectivity of Mass Media in the Middle East. The researcher chooses the most prominient news channel in that turbulent area of the world, namely Al-Jazeera Arabic news channel and examines its journey to claim its assumed objectivity. The paper gives analysis of objectivity in different cultureal contexts. It shows the ways Al-Jazeera established itself as an objective voice and how it presented itself as an alternative view to the dominant western perspective of global news. At the end the paper takes an intersting turn by bringing objectivity back to its "stallwart" – American journalism, where it was openly dropped in the face of national threat. The study realizes that the same conditions which gave Al-Jazeera Arabic its objectivity, in the eyes of its viewers, were the ones that its competitors used to disclaim its objectivity. Conditions can easily change if circumstances or attitudes changed. The paper concludes that Objectivity, in its bright side, is an elusive ideal that can never be achieved in our turbulant world. Received: 27 February 2021 / Accepted: 8 April 2021 / Published: 17 May 2021

Sound and vision in the opening titles of Māori-language television news: A multimodal analysis of cultural hybridity

Māori are the indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand. British settlers arrived in the 19th century with their tradition of the newspaper, and this led to a thriving Māori-language press. Today, news in te reo Māori, the Māori language, is delivered by television, radio and the internet, harnessing the conventions of Anglo-American journalism to tell stories of indigenous preoccupations (Fox 2002). The cultural hybridity that results (Grixti 2011) is particularly marked in the opening titles of Māori-language news. The musical and visual tropes of news-show mythmaking that present the news as sites of power, truth and authority are married to representations of Māori identity and beliefs to speak to a necessarily bicultural audience (A. Middleton 2020). In this paper, a multimodal approach is employed (Bignell 2002; Machin 2010; van Leeuwen 2012), which uses frame-by-frame analysis of speech, scripts, images and music to reveal the semiosis or sign processes in play in the opening titles of the country’s top-rated English-language news bulletin, 1 News, and those of the two Māori-language television news bulletins, Te Karere and Te Kāea. Analysis reveals that 1 News titles employ the sign systems common to their counterparts across Anglophone countries in the way they promote themselves as credible, all-seeing authorities. While the titles of Māori-language news opening titles retain many of the same tropes and signposts in order to be understood as a news show, they also weave in cultural references deeply embedded in Māori language and culture to represent themselves as news by and for Māori rather than the dominant culture.

Big Data and Journalism: How American Journalism is Adopting the Use of Big Data

This research uses in-depth interviews with three data journalists from the Houston Chronicle and the New York Times in the United States to describe the role of data journalists, and to illustrate how and why they use big data in their stories. Data journalists possess a unique set of skills including being able to find data, gather data, and use that data to tell a compelling story in a written and visually coherent way. Results show that as newspapers move to a digital format the role of a data journalist is becoming more essential as is the importance of laws such as the Freedom of Information Act to enable journalists to request and use data to continue to inform the public and hold those in power accountable.

A public good: Can government really save the press?

Amid concerns of ‘market failure’ in the U.S. commercial news industry, this paper explores more than a decade’s worth of scholarly arguments that government intervention and investment is the best solution to what many deem a crisis in American journalism. Through the lenses of First Amendment theory and political economy, the analysis examines a range of ideas and proposals that, in many ways, began with Robert W. McChesney and John Nichols’ The Death and Life of American Journalism in 2010 and continue up through Victor Pickard’s Democracy Without Journalism: Confronting the Misinformation Society in 2020. The paper concludes that, while a ‘positive’ interpretation of the First Amendment would seem to demand such intervention, the window of opportunity has closed due to a range of political and economic forces that have either developed or become further entrenched over the past decade. To that end, it calls on journalists and journalism scholars to work to shift the discourse of journalism, to characterise it as an essential, nonpartisan public good – one no different than education. It argues that such a shift, along with enough evidence of further market failure, could someday help inspire the necessary political and economic will to help rescue the floundering news industry on a wider scale.