Contributions of winter and spring warming to the temporal shifts of leaf unfolding

Changes in winter and spring temperatures have been widely used to explain the diverse responses of spring phenology to climate change. However, our understanding of their respective roles remain incomplete. Using >300,000 in situ observations of leaf unfolding date (LUD) in Europe, we show that the advancement of LUD since 1950 is due both to accelerated spring thermal accumulation and changes in winter chilling which explain 61% and 39% of the LUD shifts, respectively. Winter warming did not substantially retard the releasing of bud dormancy, but increased the thermal requirement to reach leaf unfolding. The increase of thermal requirement and decreased efficiency of spring warming on accelerating thermal accumulation partly explained the temporally (1950s-2010s) decreasing response of LUD to warming. Our study stresses the need to better assess the antagonistic and heterogeneous effects of winter and spring warming on leaf phenology, which is key to projection of future vegetation-climate feedbacks.

CONSUMO HÍDRICO E EXIGÊNCIA TÉRMICA DA PALMA FORRAGEIRA EM AMBIENTE SEMIÁRIDO

CONSUMO HÍDRICO E EXIGÊNCIA TÉRMICA DA PALMA FORRAGEIRA EM AMBIENTE SEMIÁRIDO ANTÔNIO SUASSUNA DE LIMA1; PATRÍCIA FERREIRA DA SILVA2 ; RIGOBERTO MOREIRA DE MATOS3; JOSÉ DANTAS NETO4; LUCIANO MARCELO FALLÉ SABOYA5 E HERMES ALVES DE ALMEIDA6 1Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, Brasil, 58428-830, e-mail: [email protected] 2Pós- doutoranda em Engenharia e Gestão dos Recursos Naturais, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, Brasil, 58428-830, e-mail: [email protected] 3Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, Brasil, 58428-830, e-mail: [email protected]. 4Professor Doutor, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, Brasil, 58428-830, e-mail: [email protected]. 5Professor Doutor, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, Rua Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, Brasil, 58428-830, e-mail: [email protected]. 6Professor Doutor, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Rua Baraúnas, 351 - Universitário, Campina Grande - PB, 58429-500, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]. 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o consumo hídrico e estabelecer a exigência térmica de três variedades de palma forrageira nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento em ambiente semiárido. O experimento foi desenvolvido em condições de campo no munícipio de Santa Luzia, PB, Fazenda Poço Redondo. Para a determinação da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), foram utilizados três lisímetros de drenagem localizados no centro da área experimental. Cada lisímetro continha quatro plantas com características semelhantes e sob o mesmo sistema de manejo das plantas externas. Um quarto lisímetro foi utilizado com grama para determinar a evapotranspiração de referência ET0. Cada lisímetro representa uma área efetiva de evaporação de 1,17 m2. Pela ordem de emissão dos cladódios juntamente com o somatório de graus dias determinou-se as quatro fenofases da palma forrageira. A evapotranspiração de referência foi de 7,2 mm dia-1. Os valores de evapotranspiração da cultura ETc e coeficiente de cultivo (Kc), foram respectivamente: 4,8; 4,8 e 4,6 mm dia-1 e 0,72; 0,70 e 0,70, para as variedades orelha de elefante, baiana e miúda. A temperatura basal foi de 18 °C e a soma térmica acumulada no período foi superior a 4000 °C. Keywords: coeficiente de cultivo, fases fenológicas, graus-dias, temperatura base. LIMA, A. S.; SILVA, P. F.; MATOS, R. M.; DANTAS NETO, J.; SABOYA; L. M. F.; ALMEIDA, H. A. WATER CONSUMPTION AND THERMAL REQUIREMENT OF THE FORAGE PALM IN A SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT 2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the water consumption and establish the thermal requirement of three varieties of forage palm in different stages of development in a semiarid environment. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in the municipality of Santa Luzia, PB, Poço Redondo Farm. To determine the culture evapotranspiration (ETc), three drainage lysimeters located in the center of the experimental area was used. Each lysimeter contained four plants with similar characteristics and under the same management system as the external plants. The fourth lysimeter was used with grass to determine the reference evapotranspiration ET0. Each lysimeter represents an effective evaporation area of 1.17 m2. By the order of emission of the cladodes with the sum of degree days, the four phenophases of the forage palm were determined. The reference evapotranspiration was 7.2 mm dia-1. The evapotranspiration values of ETc culture and cultivation coefficient (Kc), were respectively: 4.8; 4.8 and 4.6 mm dia-1 and 0.72; 0.70 and 0.70, for Orelha the Elefante, Baiana and Miúda varieties. The basal temperature was 18 °C and the thermal sum accumulated in the period was over 4000 °C. Keywords: cultivation coefficient, phenological phases, degree-days, base temperature.

Phenology, vegetative growth, and yield performance of fig in Southeastern Brazil

The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenological patterns, vegetative growth, and yield characteristics of fig (Ficus carica)varieties in Southeastern Brazil. The 'Roxo de Valinhos', White Genova, PI-189, and Troyano varieties were distributed in a randomized complete block design and evaluated in the field. The following characteristics were assessed: number of days between pruning and the beginning of sprouting; leaf chlorophyll content; number of shoots on each branch; length, diameter, and number of internodes on each branch; number of leaves per plant; leaf area; number of fruit per plant; mass, length, and diameter of fruit; production and yield; and duration (days) of each phenological stage, such as thermal requirement models. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova sprouted the fastest and showed the largest number of shoots. Troyano obtained the greatest branch length and diameter, as well as the greatest number of fruit per plant, which had the shortest diameter and length and the lowest mass of fruit. Furthermore, Troyano showed the latest harvest, besides the thermal requirement of 4,577.31 degree-days. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova produced fruit with the greatest average mass and diameter and the longest length. Troyano shows better vegetative growth and produces more fruit per plant than 'Roxo de Valinhos', but both genotypes show similar yields.

THERMAL REQUIREMENT AND PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PAPAYA VARIETIES CULTIVATED UNDER SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE

THERMAL REQUIREMENT AND PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PAPAYA VARIETIES CULTIVATED UNDER SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE MARCELO DE SOUZA SILVA1; SARITA LEONEL2; JACKSON MIRELLYS AZEVÊDO SOUZA2; RAFAEL BIBIANO FERREIRA2; JOYCE HELENA MODESTO2 E ANA CAROLINA BATISTA BOLFARINI2 1 Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Faculdade de Agronomia e Engenharia Florestal – FAEF, Rod. Cmte. João Ribeiro de Barros, Km 420, 17400-000, Garça - SP, Brasil, [email protected]. 2 1Departament. de Agronomia/Horticultura, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Av. Universitária, nº 3780 - Altos do Paraíso, 18610-03, Botucatu – SP, Brasil, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. 1 ABSTRACT The thermal sum has been widely used to correlate phenological phases of a culture, a technique used to quantify the time required for any phenological phase in any type of environmental conditions, independently of the species. In view of the above, this study aimed to evaluate the thermal requirement and phenological characterization of papaya varieties cultivated under subtropical climate. It was measured the following phenological stages length: from planting to flowering (PF), from flowering to harvest (FH) and from planting to the beginning of harvest (PH), by measuring the time elapsed between each phenological phase. Female and hermaphrodite flowers were considered for measuring the growth curves of fruits by evaluating length (LF) and diameter (DF) of the fruits at 15-day intervals. The thermal requirement was measured by the accumulation of thermal sum in degree-days (DD) during different phenological phases and fruits development period. In current study conditions, it was possible to infer that Sunrise Solo variety and hybrid Tainung nº 1 are earlier, with an approximately 10-month interval between planting and the beginning of the harvest; therefore, necessitating accumulation of 1722.2 and 1798.1 degree-days, respectively. Keywords: Carica papaya L., degree-days, plant performance. SILVA, M. S.; LEONEL, S.; SOUZA, J. M. A.; FERREIRA, R. B.; MODESTO, J. H.; BOLFARINI, A. C. B. EXIGÊNCIA TÉRMICA E CARACTERIZAÇÃO FENOLÓGICA DE VARIEDADES DE MAMOEIRO CULTIVADAS SOB CLIMA SUBTROPICAL 2 RESUMO A soma térmica tem sido amplamente utilizada para correlacionar fases fenológicas de uma cultura, uma técnica utilizada para quantificar o tempo necessário para qualquer fase fenológica em qualquer tipo de condição ambiental, independentemente da espécie. Frente ao exposto, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a exigência térmica e caracterização fenológica de variedades de mamoeiro cultivadas sob clima subtropical. Foi mensurado a duração dos seguintes estádios fenológicos: plantio ao florescimento (PF), florescimento à colheita e plantio ao início da colheita, através da aferição do tempo decorrido entre cada fase fenológica. As curvas de crescimento dos frutos, acompanhadas em flores femininas e hermafroditas, foram determinadas mediante avaliação do comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos em intervalos de 15 dias. Já a exigência térmica foi mensurada através do acumulo da soma térmica em graus-dia, durante as diferentes fases fenológicas e para o período de desenvolvimento dos frutos. Nas condições do presente estudo foi possível inferir que a variedade Sunrise Solo e o híbrido Tainung nº1 são mais precoces, com intervalo entre o plantio e o início da colheita de aproximadamente 10 meses, necessitando do acúmulo de 1722,2 e 1798,1 graus-dia, respectivamente. Palavras-chave: Carica papaya L., graus-dia, performance de plantas.