GARDEN AND PARK ENSEMBLES IN THE TOWNS’ HISTORY

The narrative motive of the study is the fact of the infl uence of the garden and park ensembles’ construction on the development of cities. The historical periods of the highest fl owering of culture, philosophy, aesthetic ideas, and the development of construction skills have been selected for the work. The authors of the article draw att ention to the theoretical works of the 20th century in Western civilization, considering the city as a natural system. Their connection with the concepts of the 16th- 19th centuries in England, France, Italy, and France is affi rmed. The idea of the city as a natural system is revealed through images and metaphors, which help to understand the place of public landscapes in the history of civilization. The article presents the garden-park complexes, the creation of which changed the urban planning paradigm, initiated the construction of new cities, promoted the replacement of obsolete or lost elements of urban structure. The author suggests the classifi cation of landscape complexes according to their role in the development of urban planning and their infl uence on the artistic culture, architecture and morphology of the city.

The Emergence of Collective Dreams: An Exploration of Community Development Based Collaborative Landscape Design

<p>This thesis explores the nature of a landscape design process that could ensure the resilience and sustainability of suburban public space. Utilising a literature review and two large case study projects, the research presents an argument that: • public landscapes must be seen as multi-dimensional complex systems emerging from the co-evolution of different players in the landscape community with the dynamics of their wider ecosystem; and • the sustainable design of these spaces is dependent on collaborative decision-making, the engagement and empowerment of the local community, and the restoration of ongoing responsive interaction with the site. This approach is referred to as 'deep landscape design' and is expanded through the presentation of a number of guiding principles which it is hoped will support designers, council staff and community leaders to implement it. These guiding principles describe a facilitated, nested and iterative model of design in which: • the physical, ecological and cultural dimensions of landscape can be integrated holistically; • multiple engagement methods are established enabling the inclusion of a large range of community partners; and • those engaged in the design of the space are able to reflect on the impacts of their decisions and make changes accordingly. The research suggests that through the inclusion of deep design principles, small projects with a specific focus can initiate a process of increasing community knowledge, skill, and ownership in the design and maintenance of landscapes. A process which is necessary for the sustainability and resilience of public spaces.</p>

The Emergence of Collective Dreams: An Exploration of Community Development Based Collaborative Landscape Design

<p>This thesis explores the nature of a landscape design process that could ensure the resilience and sustainability of suburban public space. Utilising a literature review and two large case study projects, the research presents an argument that: • public landscapes must be seen as multi-dimensional complex systems emerging from the co-evolution of different players in the landscape community with the dynamics of their wider ecosystem; and • the sustainable design of these spaces is dependent on collaborative decision-making, the engagement and empowerment of the local community, and the restoration of ongoing responsive interaction with the site. This approach is referred to as 'deep landscape design' and is expanded through the presentation of a number of guiding principles which it is hoped will support designers, council staff and community leaders to implement it. These guiding principles describe a facilitated, nested and iterative model of design in which: • the physical, ecological and cultural dimensions of landscape can be integrated holistically; • multiple engagement methods are established enabling the inclusion of a large range of community partners; and • those engaged in the design of the space are able to reflect on the impacts of their decisions and make changes accordingly. The research suggests that through the inclusion of deep design principles, small projects with a specific focus can initiate a process of increasing community knowledge, skill, and ownership in the design and maintenance of landscapes. A process which is necessary for the sustainability and resilience of public spaces.</p>

DOCUMENTING, RESEARCHING AND PROMOTING URBAN HISTORY IN UKRAINE: EXPERIENCES OF THE CENTER FOR URBAN HISTORY IN LVIV

The article presents establishing and developing the Center for Urban History in Lviv as a part of the larger trend to promote and institutionalize urban history and urban studies in Ukraine and Eastern Europe. Discussing founding ideas and program, as well as their further implementation gives an insight into academic as well as public landscapes of urban research, both locally and internationally. The Center was founded in 2004 as a private foundation in Vienna and two years later, in 2006, the office was established in Lviv to launch its program activities. Major objectives of the Center are to promote research on the history of cities and towns in Eastern and Central Europe; to advance urban history as an interdisciplinary field and a platform for international cooperation; to enhance critical understanding of urban history and heritage in cooperation with local and international institutions; to engage into contemporary cultural life in the city and thus contribute to public and open engagement with the past. Three major focuses of work of the Center were gradually shaped and now they include research, digital archiving, digital and public history. While initially many projects focused on Lviv, expanding geographical scope was part of the development of the institution.Therefore, presently, the interests include various urban experiences, such as of historical cities, Soviet cities, industrial and mono-industrial, multiethnic cities, as well as the cities surviving conflicts and violent transformations. Over the 10 years of its activities, the Center has become both the institution to conduct research and an instrumental actor to transform symbolic spaces of Lviv, the place for discussions and presentation of results of other studies and initiatives, a platform for informal educational practices and a laboratory to develop new ways of contextualizing, representing and using different archival media and documents. Different formats such as schools, conferences, workshops, seminars, lectures, presentations and round tables, exhibitions, interactive maps, digitalization and promotion of collections of photo and video materials, and educational programs for children and adults constitute our program activities and help engaging broader academic and non-academic audiences into a dialogue to promote participatory historical culture in Ukraine.

LANGUAGE VARIATIONS IN DEPOK: A STUDY OF LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE AND DIALECTOLOGY

Written languages are present in various media in public landscapes, such as notice boards, banners, or bumper stickers. Studying these simple signs is the starting point in observing how a language variety exists and interacts with other languages. It is interesting to study how the instances of written texts found in public landscapes can be an indicator of what language variety is actually used by the inhabitants of Depok. Based on its history and its geography, a hypothesis states that many speakers of Betawi language and Sundanese reside in Depok. The study is aimed at demonstrating the written language varieties found in Depok public landscapes based on written evidence which are compared with language varieties based on the regional variation (dialectology). This qualitative study used the sociogeolinguistic approach combining sociolinguistics, linguistic landscape, and dialectology (geolinguistics). The results show there are two language use distributions in Depok, the Sundanese and the Betawi language. From the landscapes, Betawi language is used in billboards, restaurant signboards, and local government banners. The study is useful for the local government in their efforts to confirm the identity of Depok people.

Human Needs as an Approach to Designed Landscapes

The traditional approach of landscape architecture has always focused on the aesthetic and visual aspects of landscapes while giving less attention to other aspects. This view has limited the benefits that can be derived from designed landscapes, despite the wide-ranging potential they carry for humans; socially, environmentally and economically. As a result, many researchers and practitioners are currently challenging this view to develop a more holistic and multidimensional approach. The present research therefore aims at proposing a new perspective for public designed landscapes based on fundamental human needs. The study methodology was comprised of critical content analysis for three main domains: sustainable development, human needs in specific relation to public landscapes, and significant approaches to fundamental human needs. Reconciliation among these domains was achieved based on a modified version of Max-Neef’s matrix of fundamental human needs. Human needs in public landscapes were merged into the matrix to reach a comprehensive yet specific perspective. The study concluded with a conceptual framework that can provide a wider perspective to human needs in designed landscapes. It proposes a new tool for the analysis of the benefits of public landscapes and their value for humans, which can be further used in various applications.