Validation of Two Instruments for the Correct Allocation of School Furniture in Secondary Schools to Prevent Back Pain

Background: Back pain is common in secondary school students. If we adjust the school furniture to the anthropometric characteristics of the pupils, we will improve their posture and reduce back pain. There is a high degree of mismatch between the furniture used by students and that which should be used. The objectives of this research are to discover the degree of mismatch and validate two instruments that allow a correct allocation of the furniture. Methods: The selected sample was 132 secondary students (14.08 ± 1.10 years). An anthropometer was used to determine the ideal height of the chair and table; data were taken from body segments. The recorded values were compared with those obtained by the two measurement instruments to be validated. Inter-measurer and intra-measurer reliability and validation were performed using t-tests and Pearson’s coefficient, respectively. Different analysis techniques were used: descriptive, one-way ANOVA, t-test, and effect size. The established level of significance was ρ < 0.05. Results: The mismatch between the anthropometric dimensions of the students and the existing furniture in the classrooms was 98.5 % for the chairs and 100 % for the tables. The correlational analysis of the instruments to be validated shows an r = 0.993 in the chair and r = 0.996 in the table. Conclusions: There is a high degree of mismatch between the furniture and the anthropometric characteristics of the students. The proposed furniture allocation instruments are adequate.

Postural Variabilities Associated with the Most Comfortable Sitting Postures: A Preliminary Study

This study examined postural variabilities based on the self-perceived most comfortable postures of 12 participants (six men and six women) when sitting on three commonly used types of chairs (a stool, computer chair, and gaming chair). Participants’ global joint angles were recorded and analyzed. Of the chairs studied, the stool was not adjustable, but the computer and gaming chairs were moderately and highly adjustable, respectively. During the test, participants were encouraged to adjust the chairs until they perceived that the most comfortable posture had been reached. The results demonstrated that in a sitting position perceived to be comfortable, the participants’ postural variabilities with respect to global joint angle, calculated from five repetitions, were unexpectedly high for all three chair types, at approximately 9.4, 10.2, and 11.1° for head inclination, trunk angle, and knee angle, respectively. The average differences in range for each joint angle among the three chair types were relatively low, with all values within 3°. The result also showed that gender (p < 0.01) and chair type (p < 0.001) significantly affected trunk angle, whereas these variables did not affect head inclination or knee angle (p > 0.05). The preliminary results observed unexpectedly high variabilities in sitting posture when the participants sat at a posture that they perceived to be the most comfortable. The findings also indicated an inherent difference in comfortable sitting posture between genders; women tend to extend their trunk backward more than men. For permanent use with only an initial adjustment and memory-aided seat design, designers should minimize the loads that are borne by body parts over a prolonged period due to an unchanging sitting posture.

Research on the Effect of Executives as Audit Committee Members on Internal Control Weakness

The Audit Committee is a specialized agency under the Board of Directors, and supervising the company's internal control is one of its duties. This article takes the 2012-2017 Shanghai-Shenzhen A-share non-financial listed company as a research sample, focusing on the chairmen, CEOs, CFOs, board secretaries and executive directors other than the CEO, discussing the impact of their concurrent appointment as audit committee members on the arising, correction and repair of internal control weakness in listed companies. The study found that different types of executives who are concurrently members of the audit committee would lead the internal control weakness to different directions. In general, excluding some less significant results, executives concurrently serve as members of the audit committee could stimulate the arising of internal control weakness and promote the correction and repair of the existing internal control weakness of the listed company. This indicates that when a listed company does not have internal control weakness, its executive layer intervention will weaken the effectiveness of the audit committee's governance and induce the arising of internal control weakness. Conversely, when the company inherently has internal control weakness, the intervention will strengthen the effectiveness of the audit committee's governance, making the audit committee more effective in monitoring internal control weakness. In addition, an important finding is that the existence of the Secretary of the board among the members of the audit committee will limit the chairs’ role in promoting internal control deficiencies.

Katedra Nauki Administracji i Prawa Administracyjnego Wydziału Prawno-Ekonomicznego Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego. Organizacja i główne kierunki badawczo-dydaktyczne

<p>The aim of the article is to analyse source materials related to the functioning of the Chair of Administration Science and Administrative Law at the University of Poznań. The study discusses the problems experienced by the then-contemporary scientific and lecturing staff, and also characterised the atypical structure of the Faculty of Law and Economics, as composed of the sections of state law and economy. The organization of the chairs of administrative law at the University of Poznań was separated and their main research and development directions and the most important representatives were indicated. The article broadly discusses the issue of teaching administrative law in comparison to other chairs of the University of Poznań, so that the conclusions give the best possible image of the discussed subject.</p>

Peer review declaration

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer-reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Single-blind Single-blind reviewing. 117 submitted full conference papers were reviewed independently by the 30 members of the scientific committee. The six members of the local organising committee also helped with the review process. The acceptance was granted to the papers with the positive reply of two independent reviewers. The reviewers were asked to rate each manuscript with regards to the following criteria: technical, presentation, quality, and English language. The submissions with low ratings were rejected with some comments to improve for their future publication endeavours in other avenues. 10 papers were desk rejected by the conference science committee chair and co-chair due to being out of scope. In 69 instances, the submitted papers were asked to be revised and submitted for another round of reviews. The second round of the review process was conducted by the chairs of various icRS2021 committees to make sure that the comments of the original reviewers were considered by the authors. • Conference submission management system: Aventri • Number of submissions received: 117 • Number of submissions sent for review: 107 • Number of submissions accepted: 73 • Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 62% • Average number of reviews per paper: 2 • Total number of reviewers involved: 36 • Any additional info on review process: - • Contact person for queries: • Name : Pezhman Ghadimi Affiliation: University College Dublin Email : [email protected]