Methods of ensuring comfort and quality in the design of ecological and safe school furniture

Main problem: The functional state at the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels depends on the student's working posture and affects the fatigue and performance of schoolchildren. Each new development of school furniture will undergo several test cycles. None of these cycles can give a final version of the comfort and safety of the equipment. The evaluation of school furniture takes place in several directions: compliance with building regulations and standards in accordance with age and other physiological parameters, secondly, the quality, durability and strength of modern materials, as well as the design of the form of which will provide aesthetic needs and provide a number of functions that contribute to the development and correction of children during classes in various disciplines.That is why the main context of this article is the work on identifying an increase in the period of productive working capacity in children engaged in a new model of a school desk that meets the basic ergonomic requirements. Purpose: The purpose of this article is a hygienic assessment of the impact of the ergonomic parameters of the workplace, namely furniture, on the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels of the functional state of schoolchildren and the state of the musculoskeletal system. Methods:To achieve the scientific results of this study, the methods of information and analytical, professional graphic, ergonomic methods, modeling method, questionnaire and experiment were used. Results and their significance: In the process of analyzing the information, the material of scientific research was studied and classified, which substantiates the methods of analyzing the functional feasibility, environmental safety and constitutional justification of school furniture created on the basis of innovative technologies including special technical achievements that contribute to the improvement of students' performance, interest, passion and self-development. The author's classes and tables are proposed in which the data of questionnaires and typologies of various principles of artistic design are presented, contributing to the creation of unique and at the same time ergonomic and ecological and safe furniture for schools.

Validation of Two Instruments for the Correct Allocation of School Furniture in Secondary Schools to Prevent Back Pain

Background: Back pain is common in secondary school students. If we adjust the school furniture to the anthropometric characteristics of the pupils, we will improve their posture and reduce back pain. There is a high degree of mismatch between the furniture used by students and that which should be used. The objectives of this research are to discover the degree of mismatch and validate two instruments that allow a correct allocation of the furniture. Methods: The selected sample was 132 secondary students (14.08 ± 1.10 years). An anthropometer was used to determine the ideal height of the chair and table; data were taken from body segments. The recorded values were compared with those obtained by the two measurement instruments to be validated. Inter-measurer and intra-measurer reliability and validation were performed using t-tests and Pearson’s coefficient, respectively. Different analysis techniques were used: descriptive, one-way ANOVA, t-test, and effect size. The established level of significance was ρ < 0.05. Results: The mismatch between the anthropometric dimensions of the students and the existing furniture in the classrooms was 98.5 % for the chairs and 100 % for the tables. The correlational analysis of the instruments to be validated shows an r = 0.993 in the chair and r = 0.996 in the table. Conclusions: There is a high degree of mismatch between the furniture and the anthropometric characteristics of the students. The proposed furniture allocation instruments are adequate.

Post-COVID-19 ergonomic school furniture design under fuzzy logic

BACKGROUND: Because of wrong sitting position, children have back-pain and related musculoskeletal pain (MPD). Due to inappropriate designed class furniture by not taking into account the children’s anthropometric measurements have negative effect on children musculoskeletal systems. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis has changed the furniture industry’s production trends. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a new fuzzy based design of ergonomic-oriented classroom furniture for primary school students considering the measured anthropometric dimensions of students’ safety, health, well-being, i.e. ergonomic criteria, socio-psychological aspect and post-COVID policies. METHODS: In the study 2049 number of primary school students are assessed considering COVID-19 pandemic policies and their static anthropometric dimensions were measured between 7-10-year-old (between 1st-4th grade students) and descriptive statistics of children among their ages and genders are calculated; mean, standard deviation, percentiles. The data collected from the students were analyzed quantitatively by using Significance Analysis: Mann-Whitney U test statistic, t-test, Regression Analysis and one-way ANOVA. In the study interviews with experts are performed and fuzzy mathematical model (by using fuzzy-AHP, fuzzy-TOPSIS and fuzzy-VIKOR) is developed to calculate Turkey’s three schools’ furniture. RESULTS: Results showed statistically significant differences between two genders. And it is observed that the seating bench height is too high for primary school students and lower than the height of the classroom’s blackboard from the floor. Fuzzy Multi Criteria Decision Making Method’s (FMCDM) results show that primary school students’ ergonomic classroom furniture should be mainly designed by considering “COVID-19 Criteria”, “Ergonomic Criteria” and “Socio-Psychological Aspect”. Students’ existing seating benches and tables are changed by considering post-COVID policies/protocols, Ergonomic Criteria and Socio-Psychological Aspect. And a new seating bench/chair and table’s dimensions is proposed in the study. CONCLUSIONS: Children study at school for long periods and their activities involve long periods of time on their desks in schools. As per the results of the study, it can be concluded that school management must consider the genders, ages of students and take into account the post-COVID policies/protocols while procuring the classroom furniture. The COVID-19 pandemic is the single largest event to have affected children globally in their access to school in recent times; estimates suggest that over 85%of the world’s total enrolled learners, 1.5 billion children and youths, have been affected. The coronavirus pandemic also creates dramatic changes for the school furniture.

Sosialisasi dan Pemanfaatan Data Antropometri Murid di SD Global Mandiri Cibubur untuk Tinjauan Ergonomi Meja dan Kursi

The activity aimed to help school to determine whether the schoolfurniture which were provided to the students match with theirdimensions. The evaluation focused on students from Grade 1-3. Byusing ergonomics criteria and students’ anthropometry, the chair anddesk were evaluated. Results showed that most students’ did not matchwith the chair available to them. The height of chair were too high forthe majority of students with percentage are ranging from 12.5% (Boysin Grade 3) to 87.5% (Girls in Grade 1). Meanwhile, the height of deskwas not appropriate for all students from Grade 1 to Grade 3 (100%percentage). Findings from this activity suggested that the schoolauthority should evaluate the used of their school furniture.

Rural Educational Institutions of Western Siberia in End of 19th — Beginning of 20th Centuries: Sanitary and Hygienic Conditions

The study is devoted to the study of the problem of the sanitary-technical and hygienic state of school buildings and premises during the period of intensive development of the network of educational institutions in the West Siberian region in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. The purpose of the work is to characterize the conditions for the functioning of rural educational institutions in a remote province, to show their influence on the implementation of the educational process in the designated period. The authors consider the measures taken by the authorities, medical representatives, teachers and community activists to improve the learning environment for students in educational institutions. Considering such characteristics of the functioning of educational institutions as the presence / absence of their own building, floor area for each student, air composition, the ratio of the area of windows as conductors of light to the floor area, water supply sources, heating, ventilation, location and number of latrines (toilets), the frequency and methods of cleaning school premises, the most com-mon diseases of schoolchildren. The conclusion is made about positive shifts in the organization of medical and sanitary supervision of schools, manifested in the organization of periodic audits of schools (their compliance with the current spatial planning and sanitary requirements was checked), intensification of efforts to update school furniture and its repair, as well as sanitary and hygienic education of students.

Chair dimension compatibility with elementary school students anthropometric data in North Jakarta

BACKGROUND In Indonesia, primary school begins at 6 years old and continues until 12, where most of their growth is experienced at that age. Non-ergonomic school furniture can harm the musculoskeletal system. This study evaluates the suitability of chair dimensions to elementary school student’s anthropometry in North Jakarta. METHODSA cross-sectional study of 98 students in North Jakarta. Chair dimension data and student anthropometry were measured using a tape measure, which was then analyzed using the Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test to evaluate their suitability. RESULTSThe ages of the students ranged from 5 to 11 years. Anthropometric measurements of students show that the mean Sitting Shoulder Height is 41.81±4.36 cm, Popliteal Height 36.83±3.77 cm, Hip Breadth 25.88±3.47 cm, and Buttock-Popliteal Length 36.56±4.33 cm. While the average size assessed from the seat dimensions is Seat Height 41.71±0.22 cm, Seat Width 37.2±1.26 cm, Seat Depth 37.2±1.42 cm, and Backrest Height Above Seat 35.54±3.19 cm. The results of Goodness of Fit with Kendall's Tau-b critical value for the suitability of chair dimensions to student anthropometry were 0.37, and vice versa 0.672, which stated a discrepancy. CONCLUSIONThere is a mismatch between chair dimension and anthropometry of elementary school students in North Jakarta. Adjustment of chair dimensions needs to be done using a student's average size approach to prevent musculoskeletal disorders.

School Furniture and Musculoskeletal Disorders in Left-Handed Students

Latar Belakang: Siswa dominan tangan kiri atau kidal menghadapi kesulitan di dalam kelas dikarenakan furniture sekolah dirancang untuk populasi siswa dominan tangan kanan. Siswa kidal terpaksa harus menyesuaikan postur tubuh mereka agar dapat mencapai meja yang terdapat di sebelah kanan kursi kelas. Postur tubuh yang buruk ini dapat mengakibatkan kelainan musculoskeletal (MSDs) pada siswa kidal. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh furniture sekolah terhadap risiko MSDs pada siswa kidal. Selain itu, potensi manfaat dari penggunaan kursi yang sesuai untuk siswa kidal dalam mengurangi ketidaknyamanan muskuloskeletal juga dievaluasi. Metode Penelitian: Sebanyak 14 siswa kidal diminta untuk mengisi kuesioner muskuloskeletal Nordic (NMW) untuk mengidentifikasikan permasalahan Kesehatan mereka yang berkaitan dengan furnitur sekolah. Sudut deviasi leher dan punggung bawah dari posisi duduk tegap digunakan sebagai evaluasi dari manfaat kursi yang dirancang untuk siswa kidal. Hasil: Korelasi Pearson’s menunjukkan bahwa duduk terlalu lama, postur tubuh yang buruk, dan durasi pelajaran dalam kelas berkaitan dengan permasalahan muskuloskeletal pada siswa. Dari hasil evaluasi menggunakan t-test berpasangan, ditemukan bahwa kursi yang sesuai untuk siswa kidal dapat mengurangi sudut deviasi leher dan punggung bawah dari posisi duduk tegap. Kesimpulan: Kursi yang dirancang untuk siswa dominan tangan kanan dapat meningkatkan potensi risiko MSDs pada siswa kidal. Kursi yang dapat mengakomodasi baik siswa dominan tangan kanan maupun siswa kidal dibutuhkan untuk mengurangi risiko MSDS pada siswa. Kata kunci: kidal; postur tubuh buruk; NMQ; kelainan muskuloskeletal.

Rumo ao interior: móveis e objetos numa escola rural de Antônio Prado/RS (1899-1912)

Os caminhos percorridos – produção, circulação e distribuição – de móveis e objetos escolares, de sua feitura ao espaço de uma sala de aula localizada no interior do Rio Grande do Sul, mais precisamente no município de Antônio Prado, são o foco do presente texto. A análise documental histórica das evidências apresentadas no livro de registros de inventário da 5ª aula pública mista, entre os anos de 1907 e 1910, somada às correspondências, jornais, relatórios de intendentes e fotografia, compõem a empiria pensada à luz das contribuições da História Cultural e da História da Educação. As minúcias do cotidiano escolar rural do início do século XX, na Serra Gaúcha, são pensadas pelas materialidades possíveis e disponíveis no interior da 5ª aula pública de Antônio Prado, em que lecionava a professora Natalina Maeffer. A artesania e a industrialização de objetos e móveis escolares produzidos e distribuídos por meio da ação do poder público, com interdições da comunidade local, permitem pensar atravessamentos e nuances que matizaram o cotidiano daquela escola rural.Palavras-chave: Móveis e objetos escolares. Cultura material. Escola rural.Towards the countryside: furniture and objects at a rural school in Antônio Prado / RS (1899-1912)ABSTRACTThe paths taken - production, circulation and distribution - of school furniture and objects, from their making to the space of a classroom located in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul, more precisely in the town of Antônio Prado, are the focus of the present text. The historical documentary analysis of the evidence presented in the inventory book of the 5th mixed public class, among the years 1907 and 1910, added to the correspondence, newspapers, reports of intendants and photography, compose the empire thought in the light of the contributions of Cultural History and of the History of Education. The minutiae of the rural school routine at the beginning of the 20th century in the Serra Gaúcha are thought by the possible and available materialities and within the 5th public class of Antônio Prado, where the teacher Natalina Maeffer taught. The craftsmanship and the industrialization of school objects and furniture produced and distributed through the action of the public power, with interdictions from the local community, allow us to think about crossings and nuances that colored the daily life of that rural school.Keywords: School furniture and objects. Material culture. Rural school.Hacia el interior: muebles y objetos en una escuela rural de Antônio Prado /RS (1899-1912) RESUMENLos caminos recorridos – producción, circulación y distribución – de muebles y objetos escolares, de su elaboración de acuerdo con el espacio de una aula ubicada en el interior de Rio Grande do Sul, más precisamente en el Ayuntamiento de Antônio Prado, son el enfoque del presente texto. El análisis documental histórico de las evidencias presentadas en el libro de registros de inventario de la Quinta escuela pública mixta, entre los años de 1907 a 1910, sumada a las correspondencias, los periódicos, los informes de alcaldes y la fotografía, componen el conjunto de fuentes considerado a la luz de las aportaciones de la Historia Cultural y de la Historia de la Educación. Las minucias del vivir cotidiano escolar rural del inicio del siglo XX en la sierra de Rio Grande do Sul son pensadas por las materialidades posibles y disponibles en el interior de la Quinta escuela pública de Antônio Prado en la que enseñaba la profesora Natalina Maeffer. La artesanía y la industrialización de muebles y objetos escolares producidos y distribuidos por medio de la acción del poder público, con interdicciones de la comunidad local, permiten pensar en los obstáculos y los matices que caracterizaron el vivir cotidiano de aquella escuela rural.Palabras clave: Muebles y objetos escolares. Cultura material. Escuela rural.