EEG based Spatial Attention Shifts Detection using Time-Frequency features on Empirical Wavelet Transform

The human nervous system has over 100b nerve cells, of which the majority are located in the brain. Electrical alterations, Electroencephalogram (EEG), occur through the interaction of the nerves. EEG is utilized to evaluate event-related potentials, imaginary motor tasks, neurological disorders, spatial attention shifts, and more. In this study, We experimented with 29-channel EEG recordings from 18 healthy individuals. Each recording was decomposed using Empirical Wavelet Transform, a time-frequency domain analysis technique at the feature extraction stage. The statistical features of the modulations were calculated to feed the conventional machine learning algorithms. The proposal model achieved the best spatial attention shifts detection accuracy using the Decision Tree algorithm with a rate of 89.24%.

EEG based Spatial Attention Shifts Detection using Time-Frequency features on Empirical Wavelet Transform

The human nervous system has over 100b nerve cells, of which the majority are located in the brain. Electrical alterations, Electroencephalogram (EEG), occur through the interaction of the nerves. EEG is utilized to evaluate event-related potentials, imaginary motor tasks, neurological disorders, spatial attention shifts, and more. In this study, We experimented with 29-channel EEG recordings from 18 healthy individuals. Each recording was decomposed using Empirical Wavelet Transform, a time-frequency domain analysis technique at the feature extraction stage. The statistical features of the modulations were calculated to feed the conventional machine learning algorithms. The proposal model achieved the best spatial attention shifts detection accuracy using the Decision Tree algorithm with a rate of 89.24%.

The Judiciary in Illiberal States

The Article deals with the actual functioning of the judicial power and the limits of its independence facing an illiberal or authoritarian state. The Article offers a skeptical analysis of the past and especially of the judiciary’s future in Central Europe, with a primary focus on Czechia and Slovakia. After a brief excursion into the times before the installment of communist regimes in the late 1940s, attention shifts to the development of the judiciary during the three decades after the fall of communist rule. In this context, the Article deals with different models of administration of the judiciary and shows how they can function in normal democracy and under the conditions of emerging authoritarianism. It also characterizes different perspectives on the judiciary in common law and continental law and posits different capacities of judges to resist authoritarians in various legal cultures. Finally, it sketches future prospects and attempts to define the typology of judiciary models in authoritarian and totalitarian states.

Military Economy

Chapter 4 is concerned with economic issues and is divided into three parts. The objective of the first is to comparatively analyze the six GCC states’ military expenditures. It begins with a brief review of contemporary Gulf economies, then compares the six monarchies’ defense outlays. The next section focuses on questions of weapons acquisition: how, from whom, what, and for what reason do they purchase—corresponding to the political-structural explanatory variables outlined above. The absence of substantive oversight engenders corruption in weapons deals and its effects on the militaries. In the last part the attention shifts to the Gulf armies’ arsenals, as I look at the issue of the compatibility of weapons with missions, the curious neglect of naval forces, and offer a brief discussion on maintenance and facilities. Finally, a relatively new development, the build-up of indigenous defense industries in Saudi Arabia and the UAE, is comparatively appraised.

Comparing apples and oranges in priming of attention shifts?

Attentional priming involves speeded selection of task-relevant visual search items when search stimuli remain constant from one search to the next. There is a tendency in the literature to interpret diverse priming effects as reflecting activity modulations of the same mechanisms. Priming effects in various different paradigms (from lower-level to higher-level features) have been used interchangeably to study the nature of priming, even when tasks differ vastly in difficulty and neural mechanisms involved. Another view is that priming is a characteristic of all perceptual mechanisms, that operate at different processing levels. Here, this issue was addressed by contrasting time courses and relative sizes of priming effects for repetition of a lower-level and higher-level feature (color vs. facial expression). Attentional priming was tested in two odd-one-out search tasks, one involving discrimination, the other present/absent judgment. Firstly, the sizes of the normalized priming effects were very different for color and expression and secondly, color priming effects lasted for much longer than expression priming, as measured with memory kernel analyses, suggesting that the mechanics behind the effects differ. These two forms of priming should therefore only be compared with great caution. Generally, the results suggest that priming occurs at many levels of processing and can take many forms. This view is highly consistent with research on the neural mechanisms of priming. Priming of attention shifts should be thought of as a general principle of perceptual processing.