Democracy has always been an experiment in institutional design. From ancient Athens to the modern jury, democratic governance abounds with attempts to introduce citizens into governing processes. As chapter 2 shows, many of these institutional innovations, however, have been replaced with replicas that do little to empower the public. Even elite institutions designed for deliberative discussions, such as legislatures, have become beholden to partisan politics that result in a line-up of speakers with no listeners. Elections have suffered a similar fate with moneyed rhetoric and media behemoths focused on profit displacing informed discussion among citizens. The problem is exacerbated by the rising power of campaign consultants motivated to win at all costs and, most recently, the exceptional disregard for facts in recent populist campaigns, such as that of Donald Trump in 2016.