The Legal Status of “Migrants” according to the European Union Legislation

Given that “migration” is a global phenomenon, the international community as a whole had to provide it with a legal basis and to find global solutions, as proven à l’évidence by both the international and the European legislation and the “Global Compact for Migration” approved by the European Council. As is well known, the European Union legislation consists of the texts of its official instruments, such as conventions, treaties, declarations, etc., in which we also find, in fact, the principles stated in the international instruments, which have, indeed, the force of jus cogens for all the states of the world, concerning the universal human rights, including, thus, the rights of the migrants. However, even in terms of their policy regarding migrants, the member states of the European Union have not only applied the principles stated in these international instruments, but they also have enacted a special legislation, and they have taken concrete measures for the implementation of its rules. In the present article I offer the reader the possibility to become acquainted not only with the text of the legislation of the European Union regarding migrants, but also with the policy and the actions taken by the European states for the implementation of the international legislation, and of the European one regarding the social rights of the migrants as workers.

Grotian Moments and Peremptory Norms of General International Law: Friendly Facilitators or Fatal Foes?

The concept of a Grotian moment remains rather obscure in international law. On the one hand, it can refer simply to an empirical fact which galvanises the ordinary law-making processes, whether treaty-making or State practice, resulting in major shifts in international law. On the other hand, a Grotian moment might be seen as an event so significant that it results in an extraordinary shift in international law without full adherence to the processes for law-making. The former understanding has little legal significance, while the latter, which would be legally significant, would be controversial and without legal basis. Against this background the article discusses the intersections between peremptory norms and Grotian Moments. It does this by looking at the intersection between the two concepts as well as the intersection between Grotian Moments, on the one hand and, on the other hand, particular jus cogens norms. With respect to the former, for example, the article will consider whether the high threshold of peremptory status facilitates and hinders Grotian moments. With respect to the latter, the article will consider particular norms that have been said to have shifted on account of the Grotian moments, namely the right to use of force in self-defence as well humanitarian intervention.

Invocation of State Responsibility for Violation of Obligations Owed to the International Community as a Whole

The article discusses the features of the application of paragraph 1 (b) of Art. 48 of the Draft Articles on State Responsibility, developed by the UN International Law Commission and taken into consideration by the UN General Assembly by its resolution 56/83 of December 12, 2001. The norm of this article enshrines the right of any state that is not a victim to call to international legal responsibility state that has committed a breach of an obligation owed to the international community as a whole. This rule contributes to the establishment in modern international law of the ancient Roman theory of actio popularis, according to which any citizen could file a claim in the public interest. The UN International Law Commission is considering paragraph 1 (b) of Art. 48 of the 2001 Draft Articles on State Responsibility as a result of the progressive development of International Law. This is manifested primarily in a new approach to the interpretation of concepts such as “the international community as a whole” and “obligation owed to the international community as a whole”. The article notes that the concept of "the international community as a whole" should no longer be considered as a community of sovereign states, since it already presupposes a more active participation in maintaining international legitimacy of all participants of international relations – subjects of international law. In addition, attention is drawn to the fact that the concept of “obligation owed to the international community as a whole” is a new category proposed by the International Law Commission as a part of the progressive development of the theory of erga omnes and jus cogens norms. The author compares these types of obligations and points out a number of problems that may arise while interpreting this concept in order to apply this rule in practice.

Un nouveau “cheval de Troie”? Regard sur la codification des normes impératives du droit international général (jus cogens)

Résumé Depuis 2014, la Commission du droit international (CDI) étudie la question des normes impératives (jus cogens). Si ce projet a le mérite d’en éclaircir les aspects, cette contribution avance que certaines de ses observations peuvent aussi être assimilées à des “chevaux de Troie,” et pour deux raisons. Premièrement, certains principes entourant l’accès à l’impérativité pourraient favoriser la définition arbitraire de normes de jus cogens (rejet de la théorie de l’objecteur persistant en la matière, rôle des juridictions). Deuxièmement, certains effets attachés à l’impérativité pourraient être vecteurs de conséquences qui n’ont a priori pas été évaluées par la CDI (conformité des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité et des normes coutumières au jus cogens).

O CONSELHO DE SEGURANÇA É LEGIBUS SOLUTUS? CONSIDERAÇÕES ACERCA DOS LIMITES JURÍDICOS DE SUAS DECISÕES

O presente artigo tem o intuito de debater algumas das normas e competências mais relevantes do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas (CSNU), para buscar uma resposta, ainda que não definitiva, sobre sua suposta condição de legibus solutus. Para isso, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento histórico dos Tratados que levaram ao surgimento das Nações Unidas e do próprio Conselho de Segurança. Os dispositivos que versam sobre o CSNU, presentes na Carta da ONU, são postos em evidência para uma melhor compreensão do seu funcionamento e finalidade e, em seguida, são descritas algumas das principais atuações do Conselho, a fim de que seja possível analisar no plano prático suas competências. Feito este exame, inicia-se uma discussão em torno da relação entre segurança coletiva e jus cogens, que leva, em seguida, ao exame da proibição da guerra, da constitucionalização do Direito Internacional e de como o Conselho de Segurança age para restabelecer a ordem e a paz mundiais por meio de suas competências e sanções previstas na Carta das Nações Unidas.

Albanian National Museums: How to Overcome the Digital Gap Towards a Better National Heritage Promotion

Article 53 of the Vienna Convention of 1969 states that a treaty is considered invalid if it is in conflict with existing norms of jus cogens, and under Article 64 of the treaty becomes invalid if it conflicts with a norm youngest of the same nature. The case Nicaragua against the United States made clear that the notion of jus cogens is steadily entrenched in international law, however, is still necessary to determine accurately that power rates referred to in Articles 53 and 64 of the Vienna Convention. Jus cogens norms include more those norms relating to morality or natural law than with traditional positivist rates derived from State practice. In general, this includes making aggressive war, crimes against humanity, war crimes, sea piracy, genocide, apartheid, slavery, and torture.Jus cogens norms are norms of customary international law which are so important, it can not be changed through treaties. Under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, any treaty that is contrary to jus cogens norms is invalid. Jus cogens norms are not listed, there is no catalog , their determined by any authoritative body, but these rates come from judicial practices and political and social attitudes, which are not values static. Jus cogens norm of unconditional right international, accepted and recognized by the international community norm from which no deviation is permitted. Unlike the common law, which traditionally requires the consent and It lets change obligations between states through treaties, norms jus cogens can not be violated by any state "through treaties international or local regulations or special customary, or even through general rules of customary not have the same normative force.

AGGRESSION AND STATE RESPONSIBILITY AT THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

The definition of the crime of aggression in Article 8 bis of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute) stipulates that a State act of aggression is a material element of the crime, suggesting an intrinsic link between individual criminal responsibility and State responsibility for aggression. This article argues that the Rome Statute provides a legal basis for the International Criminal Court (ICC) to determine State responsibility for aggression when considering the material elements of the crime of aggression, which has important practical and conceptual implications for the law of international responsibility. Although the content of State responsibility flows automatically from the breach of the obligation, it is argued that a finding of aggression pursuant to Article 8 bis of the Rome Statute may be considered as a form of satisfaction for the purposes of Article 37 of the 2001 ILC Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001 ILC Articles). Furthermore, the material element of the crime in Article 8 bis of the Rome Statute requires the act of aggression by its character, gravity, and scale to constitute a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations, in line with the nomenclature used within the 2001 ILC Articles regarding serious breaches of obligations arising from peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens). The article considers the important role that the ICC may play in relation to serious breaches of the jus cogens obligation to refrain from an act of aggression.

Jus Cogens: Problem of the Role in Treaty Interpretation

Due to their specific legal nature, the jus cogens rules occupy a special place and have conceptual significance in international law system in the vein that their non-compliance may, in fact, sabotage foundations of the international legal system based on states consent. Since the entry into force of the VCLT, jus cogens concept in international law has moved closer to international legal practice. A paradoxical situation exists - jus cogens concept in international law is generally accepted, there is also a normatively established definition of such a rule, but its specific framework and content remain unclear. The ICJ has repeatedly addressed the issue of jus cogens norms, but a detailed concept on jus cogens has not been formed. It is analyzed that the problem of establishing jus cogens is difficult to solve in abstractio. The reason lies not only in the absence of a single official list of norms jus cogens – the criteria for including norms in such a list are not defined. Opinions of representatives of the doctrine and the international judiciary on this issue differ significantly. Addressing the problem of the role and significance of jus cogens, general international law imperative rules, for the observance and interpretation of treaties, it should be noted that treaties are to be interpreted in a format compatible with the imperative norms. The considerations presented in the research indicate a special, if not decisive, role in the observance of jus cogens in treaties interpretation.Keywords: International Law; VCLT; Treaties; Imperative Rules Jus Cogens: Masalah Peran dalam Interpretasi Perjanjian AbstrakAturan Jus Cogens menempati tempat khusus dan memiliki makna konseptual dalam sistem hukum internasional dikarenakan sifat hukumnya yang spesifik, selain karena ketidakpatuhannya dapat menyabot fondasi sistem hukum internasional berdasarkan persetujuan negara. Sejak berlakunya VCLT, konsep Jus Cogens dalam hukum internasional semakin mendekati praktik hukum internasional. Situasi paradoks terjadi - konsep Jus Cogens dalam hukum internasional diterima secara umum. Ada juga definisi yang ditetapkan secara normatif dari aturan semacam itu, tetapi kerangka kerja dan isinya yang spesifik masih belum jelas. ICJ telah berulang kali membahas masalah norma Jus Cogens, tetapi konsep rinci tentang Jus Cogens belum terbentuk. Dianalisis bahwa masalah pembentukan Jus Cogens sulit dipecahkan secara abstrak. Alasannya tidak hanya terletak pada tidak adanya satu daftar resmi norma Jus Cogens – kriteria untuk memasukkan norma dalam daftar tersebut tidak didefinisikan. Pendapat perwakilan doktrin dan peradilan internasional tentang masalah ini berbeda secara signifikan. Mengatasi masalah peran dan pentingnya Jus Cogens, aturan umum hukum internasional imperatif, untuk ketaatan dan interpretasi perjanjian. Perlu dicatat bahwa perjanjian harus ditafsirkan dalam format yang kompatibel dengan norma-norma imperatif. Pertimbangan yang disajikan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan peran khusus, jika tidak menentukan, dalam ketaatan Jus Cogens dalam interpretasi perjanjian.Kata kunci: Hukum Internasional; VCLT; Perjanjian; Aturan Imperatif Jus Cogens: Проблема Роли В Толковании Договора Aннотация Нормы jus cogens вследствие своей специфической правовой природы занимают особое место, имеют концептуальное значение в системе международного права в том смысле, что их несоблюдение может фактически подорвать основы международной правовой системы, которая опирается на согласие государств. Со времени своего включения в Венскую конвенцию о праве международных договоров 1969 г., концепция международного права jus cogens подошла к международной юридической практике. Доказано, что имеет место парадокс – концепция jus cogens в международном праве общепринятая, также существует нормативно-закрепленное понятие такой нормы, при этом ее рамки и содержание остаются неточными. МС ООН неоднократно касался проблематики норм jus cogens, однако не дал системного видения данного вопроса. Проблему определения jus cogens решить in abstracto сложно. Причина не только в отсутствии единого официального перечня норм jus cogens – не определены критерии включения норм в такой перечень. Мнения представителей доктрины и международного судейского корпуса по этому поводу существенно различаются. Приведенные в исследовании соображения свидетельствуют об особой, если не решающей, роли jus cogens в процессе интерпретации международных договоров.Ключевые слова: Jus cogens, международное право, интерпретация международных договоров, ВКПМД