Analysis of Non-Idealities on CMOS Passive Mixers

In the current state of the art, WiFi-alike standards require achieving a high Image Rejection Ratio (IRR) while having low power consumption. Thus, quadrature structures based on passive ring mixers offer an attractive and widely used solution, as they can achieve a high IRR while being a passive block. However, it is not easy for the designer to know when a simple quadrature scheme is enough and when they should aim for a double quadrature structure approach, as the latter can improve the performance at the cost of requiring more area and complexity. This study focuses on the IRR, which crucially depends on the symmetry between the I and Q branches. Non-idealities (component mismatches, parasitics, etc.) will degrade the ideal balance by affecting the mixer and/or following/previous stages. This paper analyses the effect of imbalances, providing the constraints for obtaining a 40 dB IRR in the case of a conversion from a one-hundred-megahertz signal to the five-gigahertz range (upconversion) and vice versa (downconversion) for simple and double quadrature schemes. All simulations were carried out with complete device models from 65 nm standard CMOS technology and also a post-layout Monte Carlo analysis was included for mismatch analysis. The final section includes guidelines to help designers choose the most adequate scheme for each case.

HERONIAN MEAN DERIVATIVE-BASED SIMPSON’S-TYPE SCHEME FOR RIEMANN-STIELTJES INTEGRAL

In this paper, a new heronian mean derivative-based quadrature scheme of Simpson’s 1/3-type is proposed for the approximation of the Riemann-Stieltjes integral (RS-integral). Theorems are proved related to the basic form, composite form, local and global errors of the new scheme for the RS-integral. The reduction of the new proposed scheme is verified using g(t) = t for Riemann integral. The theoretical results of the new proposed scheme have been proved by experimental work using programming in MATLAB against existing schemes. The order of accuracy, computational cost and average CPU time (in seconds) of the new proposed scheme are determined. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to the existing schemes.

EFFICIENT DERIVATIVE-BASED SIMPSON’S 1/3-TYPE SCHEME USING CENTROIDAL MEAN FOR RIEMANN-STIELTJES INTEGRAL

In this paper, a new efficient derivative-based quadrature scheme of Simpson’s 1/3-type is proposed using the centroidal mean for the approximation of Riemann-Stieltjes integral (RS-integral). Theorems are proved related to the basic form, composite form, local and global errors of the new scheme for the RS-integral. The reduction of the new proposed scheme is verified using g(t) = t for Riemann integral. The theoretical results of new proposed scheme have been proved by experimental work using programming in MATLAB against existing schemes. The order of accuracy, computational cost and average CPU time (in seconds) of the new proposed scheme are determined. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to the existing schemes.