scholarly journals Analysis of Non-Idealities on CMOS Passive Mixers

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1105
Author(s):  
Antonio D. Martinez-Perez ◽  
Francisco Aznar ◽  
Guillermo Royo ◽  
Santiago Celma
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Image Rejection ◽  
Structure Approach ◽  
Quadrature Scheme ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Image Rejection Ratio ◽  
The Ideal

In the current state of the art, WiFi-alike standards require achieving a high Image Rejection Ratio (IRR) while having low power consumption. Thus, quadrature structures based on passive ring mixers offer an attractive and widely used solution, as they can achieve a high IRR while being a passive block. However, it is not easy for the designer to know when a simple quadrature scheme is enough and when they should aim for a double quadrature structure approach, as the latter can improve the performance at the cost of requiring more area and complexity. This study focuses on the IRR, which crucially depends on the symmetry between the I and Q branches. Non-idealities (component mismatches, parasitics, etc.) will degrade the ideal balance by affecting the mixer and/or following/previous stages. This paper analyses the effect of imbalances, providing the constraints for obtaining a 40 dB IRR in the case of a conversion from a one-hundred-megahertz signal to the five-gigahertz range (upconversion) and vice versa (downconversion) for simple and double quadrature schemes. All simulations were carried out with complete device models from 65 nm standard CMOS technology and also a post-layout Monte Carlo analysis was included for mismatch analysis. The final section includes guidelines to help designers choose the most adequate scheme for each case.

scholarly journals Low-Power Fully Integrated CMOS DTV Tuner Front-End for ATSC Terrestrial Broadcasting

VLSI Design ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhong Xiao ◽  
Guang Zhang ◽  
Tianwei Li ◽  
Jose Silva-Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Digital Television ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Image Rejection ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Front End ◽  
Image Rejection Ratio

A low-cost low-power DTV tuner for current digital television application is described. In order to increase integration level and reduce power consumption for off-air DTV tuner application, an SAW-filterless tuner front-end architecture is adopted. As a part of the concept, key building blocks for this architecture are implemented on a main stream 0.35 μm CMOS technology. Experimental measurements for the prototype chip validate the system architecture; the prototype consumes 300 mw and achieves 45 dB of image rejection ratio within the entire 750 MHz frequency band.

scholarly journals Study of Passive CMOS Mixers Effects on Image Rejection Ratio

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Morte ◽  
Antonio D. Martínez Pérez ◽  
Francisco Aznar ◽  
Carlos Sánchez-Azqueta ◽  
Santiago Celma
Keyword(s):  
Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Image Rejection ◽  
Rejection Ratio ◽  
Passive Mixers ◽  
Image Rejection Ratio ◽  
The Impact

In this brief, modeling and simulation of quadrature passive mixers are analyzed, focusing on the impact they have on the image rejection ratio (IRR). For this purpose, a 65-nm CMOS technology is used.

Resource efficiency in deinked pulp production: a review

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIISA KOTANEN ◽  
MIKA KÖRKKÖ ◽  
ARI ÄMMÄLÄ ◽  
JOUKO NIINIMÄKI
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ecological Strategy ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Recycled Pulp ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pulp Production

The use of recovered paper as a raw material for paper production is by far the most economical and ecological strategy for the disposal of waste paper. However, paper production from recovered paper furnish generates a great amount of residues, and the higher the demand requirements for the end product, the higher the amount of rejected material. The reason for this is that the selectivity of the deinking process is limited; therefore, some valuable components are also lost in reject streams. The rejection of usable components affects the economics of recycled paper production. As the cost of waste disposal continues to increase, this issue is becoming more and more severe. This paper summarizes the current state of the resource efficiency in recycled pulp production and provides information on the volumes of rejected streams and the usable material within them. Various means to use these reject streams are also discussed, including the main findings of a recent thesis by the main author. This review summarizes current internal and external use of reject streams generated in the deinking operations.

The Self-Undermining State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
Interstate War ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Willingness To Sacrifice ◽  
The Cost

This chapter provides an informal rationalist model of state formation as an exchange between a central authority and a population. In the model, the central authority protects the population against external threats and the population disarms and pays taxes. The model specifies the conditions under which the exchange is self-enforcing, meaning that the parties prefer the exchange to alternative courses of action. These conditions—costly but winnable interstate war—are historically rare, and the cost of such wars can rise beyond the population’s willingness to sacrifice. At this point, the population prefers to avoid war rather than fight it and may prefer an alternative institution to the state if that institution can prevent war and reduce the level of extraction. Thus the modern centralized state is self-undermining rather than self-enforcing. A final section addresses alternative explanations for state formation.

scholarly journals CAR-NK Cells in the Treatment of Solid Tumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5899
Author(s):  
Ewa Wrona ◽  
Maciej Borowiec ◽  
Piotr Potemski
Keyword(s):  
Nk Cells ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Toxicity Profile ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Hematological Neoplasms ◽  
Current State ◽  
Car T ◽  
The Cost

CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T) cells have emerged as a milestone in the treatment of patients with refractory B-cell neoplasms. However, despite having unprecedented efficacy against hematological malignancies, the treatment is far from flawless. Its greatest drawbacks arise from a challenging and expensive production process, strict patient eligibility criteria and serious toxicity profile. One possible solution, supported by robust research, is the replacement of T lymphocytes with NK cells for CAR expression. NK cells seem to be an attractive vehicle for CAR expression as they can be derived from multiple sources and safely infused regardless of donor–patient matching, which greatly reduces the cost of the treatment. CAR-NK cells are known to be effective against hematological malignancies, and a growing number of preclinical findings indicate that they have activity against non-hematological neoplasms. Here, we present a thorough overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the use of CAR-NK cells in treating various solid tumors.

Computing Robust Principal Components by A* Search

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (07) ◽  
pp. 1860013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swair Shah ◽  
Baokun He ◽  
Crystal Maung ◽  
Haim Schweitzer
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
A Algorithm ◽  
Running Time ◽  
Current State ◽  
Dimensionality Reduction Technique ◽  
Related Variant ◽  
Low Rank Representation ◽  
The Cost

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a classical dimensionality reduction technique that computes a low rank representation of the data. Recent studies have shown how to compute this low rank representation from most of the data, excluding a small amount of outlier data. We show how to convert this problem into graph search, and describe an algorithm that solves this problem optimally by applying a variant of the A* algorithm to search for the outliers. The results obtained by our algorithm are optimal in terms of accuracy, and are shown to be more accurate than results obtained by the current state-of-the- art algorithms which are shown not to be optimal. This comes at the cost of running time, which is typically slower than the current state of the art. We also describe a related variant of the A* algorithm that runs much faster than the optimal variant and produces a solution that is guaranteed to be near the optimal. This variant is shown experimentally to be more accurate than the current state-of-the-art and has a comparable running time.

High-Efficiency Cut Blasting with Shell Radial Shaped Charge in Laboratory-Scale Blasting

2015 ◽  
Vol 1094 ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Chen ◽  
Hong Hao Ma ◽  
Zhao Wu Shen ◽  
De Bao Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Circular Tube ◽  
Rock Breaking ◽  
Shaped Charge ◽  
Axial Line ◽  
Rock Excavation ◽  
Crack Network ◽  
Utilization Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Ideal

Due to the inefficiency problem of the cut blasting in rock excavation and rock breaking, a shell radial shaped charge device was proposed based of the ideal of ‘cutting to slotting’ and it was validated through experiments. For this device, the shell materials are used to be shaped materials and multiple shaped ring is designed on the circular tube. It can not only reduce charge quantity but also raise the utilization ratio of explosive energy. After explosion, multiple radial shaped charge jets can be formed along the axial line in sequence and then the surrounding rock mass would be cracked. The crack network will be formed along with the further extension of the fraction under the action of quasi static loading of detonation gas. The shell radial shaped charge device was tested through the cut blasting model experiment. Experimental results show that the utilization ratio of blasting hole nearly approaches 98% with this device. The blasting efficiency and cyclical footage can be improved effectively and the cost of drifting can also be reduced.

Criteria for the Evaluation of Social Policy Effectiveness of States

2014 ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
V. Sautkina
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
State Control ◽  
National Education ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

The following article is devoted to the study of current state of national education and healthcare systems. The cost of services in these areas constantly increases, there for even developed countries are forced to make significant efforts in order to maintain earlier achieved results. Due to this reason countries entered into the period of constant reforms with the purpose of maintaining that high level of health and educational services for all segments of population with a constant reduction of its volume of financing. The legal aspects of these changes are requiring manifestation of the will of politicians in order to overcome the opposition of parties which are defending their interests. As an example, the main opponents of the healthcare reforms proposed by Barak Obama in the USA are Republicans who are concerned about a significant increase of a state control over the entire national insurance system. The author comes to the conclusion that only joint actions of the government and every segment of population might actually improve the quality of medical and educational services.

Agile framework for capital projects

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 422
Author(s):  
Polly Mahapatra ◽  
Paris Shahriari
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Quick Response ◽  
Capital Projects ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Response To Change ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Early Phases ◽  
The Ideal

Under the increased pressure of rapidly changing market conditions and disrupting technologies, continuous improvements in efficiency become indispensable for all oil and gas operators. Traditional project management principles in the oil and gas industry employ rigid methods of planning and execution that can sometimes hinder adaptability and a quick response to change. Considering the potential that Agile principles can offer as a solution, the challenge, therefore, is to identify the ideal, hybrid, approach that leverages Agile while incorporating the traditional linear workflow necessitated by the oil and gas industry. This paper seeks to assess pre-existing literature in the application of the Agile principles in the oil and gas industry with a focus on Major Capital Projects (MCPs), backed by the successes experienced as a result of specific pilot projects completed at Chevron’s Australian Business Unit. In particular, this paper will focus on how agility has resulted in improvements to the cost, schedule, teaming and cohesion of MCPs in the early phases as well as key learnings form the pilot agility projects.

scholarly journals History of buildingand operation of the Nizhny Tulom hydroelectric power plant on the Kola Peninsula.

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7-2020) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Olga E. Konovalova ◽  
◽  
Nikolai M. Kuznetsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Station ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Construction Time ◽  
Current State ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

The article tells the story of the creation of the Nizhne-Tulomskaya hydroelectric power station (HPP). The main energy parameters of the hydroelectric power station, the layoutof the main structures of the station, and archival photos of the construction time are given. Data on the production and consumption of electricity for own needs, the cost of 1 kW·h during the great Patriotic war are shown. It is told about the reconstruction and current state of the station.

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