Embedding a One-column Ocean Model (SIT 1.06) in the Community Atmosphere Model 5.3 (CAM5.3; CAM5–SIT v1.0) to Improve Madden–Julian Oscillation Simulation in Boreal Winter

The effect of the air–sea interaction on the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) was investigated using the one-column ocean model Snow–Ice–Thermocline (SIT 1.06) embedded in the Community Atmosphere Model 5.3 (CAM5.3; hereafter CAM5–SIT v1.0). The SIT model with 41 vertical layers was developed to simulate sea surface temperature (SST) and upper-ocean temperature variations with a high vertical resolution that resolves the cool skin and diurnal warm layer and the upper oceanic mixed layer. A series of 30-year sensitivity experiments were conducted in which various model configurations (e.g., coupled versus uncoupled, vertical resolution and depth of the SIT model, coupling domains, and absence of the diurnal cycle) were considered to evaluate the effect of air–sea coupling on MJO simulation. Most of the CAM5–SIT experiments exhibited higher fidelity than the CAM5-alone experiment in characterizing the basic features of the MJO such as spatiotemporal variability and the eastward propagation in boreal winter. The overall MJO simulation performance of CAM5–SIT benefited from (1) better resolving the fine structure of upper-ocean temperature and therefore the air–sea interaction that resulted in more realistic intraseasonal variability in both SST and atmospheric circulation and (2) the adequate thickness and vertical resolution of the oceanic mixed layer. The sensitivity experiments demonstrated the necessity of coupling the tropical eastern Pacific in addition to the tropical Indian Ocean and the tropical western Pacific. Enhanced MJO could be obtained without considering the diurnal cycle in coupling.

Geochemical inverse modeling of chemical and isotopic data from groundwaters in Sahara (Ouargla basin, Algeria)

New samples were collected in the three major Saharan aquifers namely, the “Continental Intercalaire” (CI), the “Complexe Terminal” (CT) and the Phreatic aquifer (Phr) and completed with unpublished more ancient chemical and isotopic data. Instead of classical Debye-Hückel extended law, Specific Interaction Theory (SIT) model, recently incorporated in Phreeqc 3.0 was used. Inverse modeling of hydro chemical data constrained by isotopic data was used here to quantitatively assess the influence of geochemical processes: at depth, the dissolution of salts from the geological formations during upward leakage without evaporation explains the tran sitions from CI to CT and to a first pole of Phr (pole I); near the surface, the dissolution of salts from sebkhas by rainwater explains another pole of Phr (pole II). In every case, secondary precipitation of calcite occurs during dissolution. All Phr waters result from the mixing of these two poles together with calcite precipitation and ion exchange processes. These processes are quantitatively assessed by Phreeqc model. Globally, gypsum dissolution and calcite precipitation were found to act as a carbon sink.

PENGEMBANGAN MODEL EVALUASI PENYELENGGARAAN SEKOLAH ISLAM TERPADU

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengembangkan model evaluasi yang tepat sehingga dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi penyelenggaraan SDIT, (2) mendeskripsikan karakteristik instrumen dalam model evaluasi SIT, (3) mendeskripsikan efektivitas model evaluasi SIT, dan (4) mengetahui gambaran dan kriteria hasil evaluasi yang dilaksanakan di SDIT. Studi ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan, yang terdiri dari sembilan tahap kegiatan, yaitu: pengumpulan informasi, perencanaan, pengembangan produk awal, penilaian pakar, revisi produk utama, pengujian lapangan utama, revisi produk operasional, pengujian lapangan operasional, dan revisi produk akhir. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah: (1) telah dihasilkan model evaluasi penyelenggaraan sekolah Islam terpadu (EPSIT); (2) karakteristik instrumen dalam model EPSIT: a. memiliki format sangat baik, b. memenuhi substansi model evaluasi, c. memiliki validitas konstruk yang dapat diandalkan, d memiliki reliabilitas yang tinggi, (3) Model EPSIT memiliki keefektifan sangat baik dan memenuhi standar untuk mengevaluasi penyelenggaraan SDIT; (4) kriteria dalam Model EPSIT dapat memberikan gambaran secara menyeluruh penyelenggaraan SDIT. Kata kunci: model evaluasi, penyelenggaraan, sekolah Islam terpadu ______________________________________________________________ DEVELOPING AN EVALUATION MODEL FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED ISLAMIC SCHOOLSAbstract This study aims at (1) developing an appropriate evaluation model as a means of evaluating the implementation of Integrated Islamic Primary School, (2) describinge the characteristic of instrument of SIT evaluation model (3) describinge the effectiveness of the developed SIT model of evaluation, and (4) knowing the description and the criteria of evaluation results implemented at SDIT. This is a research and development study which comprises nine steps:collecting information, planning, developing preliminary product, experts’ judgments, revising the main product, main field testing, revising the operational product, operational field testing, and final product revision. The conclusions are as follows: (1) An evaluation model was developed for the integrated Islamic school (EPSIT); (2) The characteristics of the instrument in the EPSIT model are : a. having excellent format, b. havinge met the substance of evaluation model, c. having a good validity construct, and d. having a high level reliability; (3) The EPSIT model is very effective and meets the standard to evaluate the implementation of SDIT; (4) the criteria under the EPSIT model can give thorough description of the implementation of the SDIT.Keywords: evaluation model, implementation, integrated Islamic schools