ABORDAGEM CONSTRUCIONAL DA REDUPLICAÇÃO DE BASE VERBAL EM PORTUGUÊS CONSTRUCTIONAL APPROACH TO VERBAL BASE REDUCTION IN PORTUGUESE

Resumo: Neste artigo, pretendemos utilizar os dados de Vialli (2013), que reuniu, em sua tese de doutoramento, cerca de cem formas de composição reduplicativa em português, à luz do modelo de morfologia construcional (MC) originalmente proposto por Booij (2005, 2007, 2010). Esse modelo aplica a gramática das construções (GOLDBERG, 1995) ao componente morfológico, analisando as formações lexicais por meio de esquemas e subesquemas que representam o pareamento entre o polo formal e o polo semântico de palavras morfologicamente complexas. Entendendo que a reduplicação verbal (composição ViVi) pode ser satisfatoriamente descrita com os instrumentos da MC, procuramos explicar, formal e semanticamente, construções como “bate-bate” (“bater repetidamente”, “carrinho do parque de diversões”) e “agarra-agarra” (“agarrar repetidas vezes”), mostrando as motivações morfológicas e as extensões de significado desse tipo de formação e distinguindo-o da repetição, fenômeno que ocorre em nível sintático.Palavras-chave: Morfologia. Formação de palavras. Construção. Reduplicação. Composição.Abstract: In this article, we intend to explain the Vialli (2013)”s data – which met, in her doctoral thesis, about a hundred forms of reduplicative compounding in Brazilian Portuguese – based on constructional morphology model (MC), originally proposed by Booij (2005 2007, 2010). This model applies construction grammar (GOLDBERG, 1995) to morphology component, analyzing the lexical formations through schemes and subschemas representing the pairing between the formal pole and the semantic pole of morphologically complex words. Understanding that the verbal reduplication (composition ViVi) can be satisfactorily described with the instruments of MC, we try to explain, formal and semantically, formations such as "bat-bate" ("hit repeatedly"; "playground toy") and "agarra-agarra" (grab repeatedly), showing the morphological motivations and meaning extentions of this type of word-formation process and distinguishing it from the repetition phenomenon that occurs in the syntatic level. Key words: Morphology. Word formation. Construction. Reduplication. Compounding

Exaptation of pelmatozoan oral surfaces: constructional pathways in tegmen evolution

The adoral surface of a crinoid theca has traditionally been called the tegmen, despite a wide range of morphologies; and, unfortunately, this has obscured the potential to recognize homologies between blastozoans and crinoids. With present recognition of these homologies, the constructional morphology of crinoid oral regions is explored, herein. Two major types of oral regions exist among crinoids: (1) an oral surface with the mouth exposed; and (2) a tegmen, in a restricted definition, with the mouth covered beneath solid plating. A tegmen is constructed by exaptation of oral surface plating and, commonly, other thecal plating. A pseudo-tegmen is an exaptation of aboral cup plates (i.e., radial plates). Tegmens or pseudo-tegmens evolved in all major crinoid clades at least once as an exaptation of oral surface plating. Tegmens evolved iteratively both between and within clades. In some cases, tegmen plates can be homologized with oral surface plates, but in other cases this is not apparent. Examples of tegmens that evolved many times include tegmens with an appearance of oral surface plates cemented in place; tegmens with fixed ambulacral cover plates and primary peristomial cover plates disproportionately enlarged; tegmens composed exclusively, or nearly so, of greatly enlarged primary peristomial cover plates; tegmens with tessellate plating but presumably with some flexibility; and tegmens constructed of innumerable undifferentiated plates. Most tegmens have all ambulacral cover plates fixed; but in some instances, the abaxial ambulacral cover plates remain moveable. Additionally, some lineages that possessed a tegmen evolved an oral surface secondarily, likely as an atavism. Based on this restricted definition of a tegmen, the hemicosmitid blastozoanCaryocrinitesalso evolved a tegmen. As known, tegmens dominated among camerate crinoids; and oral surfaces were more common among cladids, hybocrinids, disparids, flexibles, and articulates. However, oral surfaces evolved in some camerate lineages; tegmens evolved in some cladid, disparid, and articulate lineages; and pseudo-tegmens evolved in some flexible and articulate lineages.The iterative evolution of tegmens in crinoids and blastozoans is thought to be an adaptive response to cover the mouth and proximal ambulacra to protect this portion of the digestive tract from predation, scavenging, parasites, and disease causing agents.

Constructional morphology of the shell/ligament system in opisthogyrate rostrate bivalves

ABSTRACTThe bivalve ligament provides the thrust for shell opening, acting as the resistance in a lever system against which adductor muscle effort is applied. Usually, its outer lamellar layer is subjected to tensile stress, while the inner fibrous layer is compressed, with the pivotal axis located between them. However, opisthogyrate rostrate bivalves display a concave dorsal margin, and both the umbo and the postero-dorsal angle of the shell project dorsally to the ligament, which then fails to act as pivotal axis. Three opisthogyrate rostrate genera of unrelated lineages show somewhat different solutions to this morpho-functional challenge. In Cuspidaria (Anomalodesmata), the ligament is internal, subjected only to compression and ventral to the pivotal axis, a thickened periostracum develops, forcing the dorsal margins of the valves to act as pivotal axis, and the posterior parts of the shell's dorsal margins gape dorsally. In Nuculana (Palaeotaxodonta), the inner layer of the ligament is internal, the outer layer is external but reduced, and some species develop a dorsal ridge parallel to the commissural plane, on a level with the rostrum and acting as pivotal axis. In Pterotrigonia (Palaeoheterodonta) and other rostrate trigoniides, the ligament is external opisthodetic, but is allometrically reduced. Trigoniides may also develop a dorsal ridge.

Expressive compounds in German

German adjectival and nominal compounds like ratten+scharf (‘rat sharp’) sau+schlecht, (‘sow bad’) Hammer+auftritt (‘hammer performance’), Arsch+gesicht (‘arse face’) contain meliorative or pejorative elements as part of their structure. The left-hand evaluative members of these compounds are usually considered as so-called semi-prefixes. Contrary to recent approaches within constructional morphology ( Booij 2009 , 2010 ), I will argue that these elements are still lexemes, but that they have undergone metaphorical extension. Evidence stems from the consideration of right-hand members like Kommunisten+schwein (‘communist pig’), which have never been considered as semi-suffixes in a similar way. The metaphorical meaning of these heads and non-heads is systematically connected with expressive meaning. It will be shown that the criteria for expressive meaning proposed by Potts (2007) by and large apply. Furthermore, I will argue against a possible analysis in terms of conventional implicature, as proposed by Williamson (2009 , 2010 ) with respect to the meanings of ethnical slur terms like spic.