IMPLICATURE IN SAIKIRAN’S STAND UP COMEDY SCRIPT DARK SKIN AND GETTING MARRIED

This research focuses on implicature in Saikiran’s Stand Up Comedy Script Dark Skin and Getting Married. By using Grice theory of implicature, the make up of this research strongly refers to the use of descriptive qualitative method to process the data, which are originally taken from the script. The analysis reveals two types of implicature i.e. cconventional implicatures and conversational implicatures. Conventional implicature is associated with the general meaning and also related to specific words (but, and, even). Meanwhile, conversational implicature verifies two types, i.e. generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. There are 13 data referring to cconventional implicatures and 4 data to conversational implicatures (2 data generalized conversational implicatures and 2 data particularized conversational implicatures). The results of this research indicate that Saikiran uses those implicatures when he wants the audience to understand about his life condition in funny ways, and the audience will possibly find it difficult to understand if they do not know his utterances in the contexts.

Inference Claims as Assertions

When a speaker states an argument in arguing—in its core sense—for the conclusion, the speaker asserts, as opposed to merely implies or implicates, the associated inference claim to the effect that the conclusion follows from the premises. In defense of this, I argue that how an inference claim is conveyed when stating an argument is constrained by constitutive and normative conditions for core cases of the speech of arguing for a conclusion. The speech act of assertion better reflects such conditions than does implication, conversational implicature, or conventional implicature.

A Pragma-Stylistic Study of Implicature in Shakespeare's Hamlet and Twelfth Night

Implicature is commonly defined as the dissimilarity between what is said and what is meant. The variance lies between the conspicuous meaning of written and spoken words and the meaning that lies beneath what is said. This study aims at analyzing and discussing Shakespeare's Hamlet and Twelfth Night in terms of generalized and particularized conversational and conventional implicature. The model used in the analysis is coined from a variety of pragmatic theories, implicature, Grice's maxims, irony, indirect speech acts, context, and hedges. It is hypothesized that the number of implicature cases in Twelfth Night is bigger than that in Hamlet, generation of implicatures by the characters in the two plays is highly determined by social factors, Hamlet and Cesario use implicature more than other characters, the most used implicature is the particularized one, the purpose of using implicatures differs in the plays, implicature is generated from flouting Grice's maxims and most implicatures are made by violating the relation maxim. The study concludes that the implications in Hamlet are more than those in Twelfth Night, that Shakespeare uses two implicatures generalized and particularized, and that Implicature in Hamlet and Twelfth Night is generated mostly by violating the maxims of quality. As for the least flouted maxim in the two plays is the maxim of quantity.

A comparison of expressives and miratives

There is a strong and vocal tradition of expressives being characterized as denoting conventional implicatures (Potts 2005 et seq.), and some have taken the category of expressives to include exclamation (Zimmermann 2007). But there’s also a tradition of analyzing exclamations and other mirativity markers at the illocutionary or speech-act level (Sadock and Zwicky 1985; Faller 2002; Rett 2011). In this chapter, I address two related questions: What, if any, are the empirical differences between expressives and miratives? And what, if any, are the theoretical differences between conventional implicatures and illocutionary content? Ultimately, I initiate a turf war over expressives: I argue that while they were initially characterized as a subtype of conventional implicature, they are more naturally grouped with emotive, or illocutionary, content.

Cross-linguistic variations in the interpretation of tense in mirative sentences

This chapter investigates the interpretation of tense in Japanese mirative sentences using nante/towa and considers cross-linguistic variations of mirativity in terms of tense. In Japanese, when nante or towa is combined with a proposition that contains the so-called non-past form ru, the sentence becomes ambiguous as having both a non-past (future/present) reading and a past reading. Based on a theory by Sawada and Sawada (2019), we argue that this ambiguity of tense is due to the conventional implicature of nante/towa: nante/towa can take a ‘non-tensed’ proposition p and conventionally implies that (i) p is settled (i.e., p is/was true or predicted to be true) and (ii) the speaker did not expect such p. It will be shown that a basic analysis of nante/towa can apply to the English exclamatory that-clause, which also presents an ambiguity of tense, and at least partially to the Korean mirative tani sentence in which a past-oriented meaning can be represented based on the stem form of a verb.

Mirative implicatures at the syntax-semantics interface

This chapter investigates the mirative implicature that is associated with two distinct Romance constructions: Mirative Focus Fronting (MFF) and Doubly Inflection Construction (DIC). Despite the distinct level at which the mirative meaning is syntactically encoded in the two constructions, the mirative import displays consistent properties. Both in MFF and in DIC, this meaning can be captured as a conventional implicature about the falsity of the at-issue proposition in the most normal worlds. The modal parameters that are required to interpret the implicature are anchored to the world and time of utterance and to the conversational community; hence, this mirative implicature is not exclusively anchored to the speaker’s perspective, but it also involves the interlocutor(s) in the attempt to arrive at a joint evaluative commitment.

IMPLIKATUR KONVENSIONAL DALAM ACARA REPUBLIK SOSMED SEGMEN 4 (ROASTING) DI TRANS TV

The purpose of this study was to describe conventional implicatures in the Republic of Social Media Segment 4 (Roasting) on ​​Trans TV. The theories used in this study include: (a) the nature of pragmatics, (b) the nature of implicatures, (c) conventional implicatures, and (d) the Republic of Social Media program on Trans TV. This research used a descriptive method. Sources of data in this study were comics and guest stars in the Republik Sosmed program in segment 4 (Roasting) on ​​Trans TV. The results of this study include: (a) on the Republic of Social Media program segment 4 (roasting), there were 5 conventional implicature data, (b) on October 08, 2017 presented comic Ridwan Remin, there were 2 conventional implicature data, (c) on October 14, 2017 presented comic Ridwan Remin, there were 3 implicature data, (d) on October 15 2017 presenting comic Yuda Keling, there were 3 conventional implicature data, (e) on October 21 2017 presenting comics Tretan and Rizki, there was 1 conventional implicature data, (f) on October 22, 2017 presenting the comics Tretan and Coki, there were 2 conventional implicature data, (g) on ​​October 28, 2017 presenting, the comic Yuda Keling there was 1 conventional implicature data, and (h) on October 29, 2017 presenting the comic Yuda Keling, there were 3 conventional implicature data.

Fungsi Sastra Lisan pada Acara Bedindang di Desa Air Kemang, Kecamatan Pino Raya, Bengkulu Selatan: Kajian Pragmatik (The Functions of Oral Literature in Bedindang Events at Air Kemang Village, Pino Raya District, Bengkulu Selatan: a Pragmatic Study)

Salah satu jenis sastra lisan yang hingga kini masih membudaya di Bengkulu Selatan adalah bedindang. Bedindang sebagai sastra lisan mengandung tuturan yang memiliki makna ilokusi beragam karena banyak mengandung perumpamaan dan makna yang tersirat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan wujud implikatur dan fungsi implikatur dalam bedindang. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua pendekatan, yaitu pendekatan pragmatik dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada dua wujud implikatur dalam sastra lisan bedindang, yaitu (1) implikatur konvensional dan (2) implikatur percakapan yang terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu (a) implikatur percakapan umum, (b) implikatur percakapan berskala, dan (c) implikatur percakapan khusus. Wujud-wujud implikatur yang ditemukan dalam analisis memiliki fungsi tertentu yang ingin disampaikan penutur. Ada tiga jenis fungsi, yaitu (1) fungsi direktif, (2) fungsi ekspresif, dan (3) fungsi asertif. One type of oral literature that is still cultivated in South Bengkulu is bedindang. Bedindang, as an oral literature, contains utterances that have various illocutionary meanings as it contains many parables and implied meanings. This study aims to describe the implicature form and implicature function in bedindang. There are two approaches used, namely the pragmatic approach and the qualitative descriptive approach. The results revealed two forms of implicature in bedindang oral literature: (1) conventional implicature and (2) conversational implicature. Conversational implicature is divided into three, namely (a) general conversation, (b) scaled conversation, and (c) conversation implicature with special context. Additionally, the implied forms found in the analysis have three specific functions which the speaker wishes to convey: (1) directive, (2) expressive, and (3) assertive.

Scalar properties of Japanese and English sense-based minimizers

The Japanese minimizers kasukani ‘faintly’ and honokani ‘approx. faintly’ and the English minimizer faintly are similar to typical minimizers, such as the Japanese sukoshi ‘a bit’ and English a bit, in that they semantically represent a low degree. However, their meanings and distribution patterns are not the same. I argue that kasukani, honokani, and faintly are sense-based minimizers in that they not only semantically denote a small degree but also convey that thejudge (typically the speaker) measures degree based on his/her own sense ( the senses of sight, smell, taste, etc.) at the level of conventional implicature (CI) (e.g., Grice 1975; Potts 2005; McCready 2010; Gutzmann 2011). It will be shown that this characteristic restricts sense-based minimizers to occur only in a limited environment. This paper also shows that there are variations among the sense-based minimizers with regard to (i) the kind of sense, (ii) the presence/absence of evaluativity, and (iii) the possibility of a combination with an emotive predicate, and will explain them in the non-at-issue domain. In analyzing the meaning of sense-based minimizers, the relationship between a sense-based minimizer and a predicate of personal taste (e.g., Pearson 2013; Ninan 2014; Kennedy & Willer 2019; Willer & Kennedy 2019) will also be discussed.

Specific unknowns: A case study of epistemic indefinites in Cantonese

This paper concerns how languages bundle an existential claim and>an ignorance inference in a nominal expression. I present a case study on epistemic indefinites (EIs) in Cantonese and show that Cantonese EIs have a different morphological makeup (m + zi + WH ‘not + know + WH’), when compared to other more discussed EIs. I suggest that the ignorance component associated with mzi-WH is a conventional implicature and that m-zi obtains an adnominal usage via grammaticalization. It denotes a choice function that comes with an ignorance component that is inherited from the predicative meaning of m-zi.