Robak i robactwo w twórczości Władysława Syrokomli

The aim of this article is to determine the frequency of occurrence of the terms “worm” and “insects” in the works of Władysław Syrokomla. An assumption is made that these themes have animportant function in the poet’s works, and that their occurrence indicates something of significance. The article considers both the functionality and repeatability criteria, which is the necessary foundationfor recording these items. The conducted analyses indicate that Syrokomla’s insects (regardless of whether they have a literal or metaphorical meaning) in most cases signal something evil. Sometimes it is an ordinary pest (insect) damaging plants, but more frequently the insect refers to the human condition, characterising it in three dimensions: as the worm of death, as the worm of internal suffering or as the worm of insignificance. In other cases, worms or insects represent curses or sin. The diversity of how such zoomorphic connotations are presented and applied deserves attention. Moreover, although the majority of them have long-established cultural and literary traditions, in Syrokomla’s works they gain a new context (for example, historical, folk or social). They indicate sensitivity to injustice and evil. The poet frequently presents the human world by analogy to the world of nature.

Do Verbal Meanings Have a Radial Organization?

The paper presents a cognitive-functional analysis of two Hungarian verbs, eszik ‘eat’ and táplál ‘feed’, with the aim of providing a sample for an exhaustive semantic description of verbal polysemy and of relations between verbal meanings. The hypothesis of the study was that a radial category description of the internal semantic structure of both verbs is possible. The assumption, however, was not confirmed by the analysis; not all meanings of the verb eszik ‘eat’ can be described as deriving from the prototypical eating situation. Some show cases of conceptual blending, while others have a source domain other than the prototypical eating situation. Nonetheless, many figurative meanings seem to be the result of metaphorical meaning shift trigged by common components we experience in the prototypical eating situation and other perceptions. These common components show resemblance on a schematic base.

Duality in novels and films about pandemics

Both literature and films have been dealing with a disease outbreak for a long time. This paper will deal with the metaphorical aspect of viruses especially in the view of today’s pandemics. First, a brief overview of such novels and films will be given starting with Daniel Defoe and his A Journal of the Plague Year and films such as Twelve Monkeys, Contagion, Outbreak. The emphasis will not be on the virus itself but on its metaphorical meaning and the duality in novels and films – e.g. between good and evil, order and chaos. The paper will mostly focus on the novels The Stand by Stephen King, and the film Twelve Monkeys. The main idea which connects them all would be a virus as a metaphor, the end of humanity, and everlasting fight between good and evil.

Ἀναγωγή in Ancient Greek Exegetical Literature

Термин ἀναγωγή довольно часто употребляется в древних памятниках христианской богословской и экзегетической литературы в разных значениях, что во многом затрудняет понимание этого слова в каждом отдельном случае. В рамках экзегетической процедуры ἀναγωγή употребляется в метафорическом значении и обозначает переносный смысл, а иногда и переносное понимание текста, когда речь идёт о метафорическом содержании фигур речи или о присутствии мистического аллегорического смысла. Современная отечественная библейская наука склонна видеть в ἀναγωγή определённый духовный метод/смысл интерпретации Священного Писания (чаще всего имеется в виду эсхатологическое толкование). Когда эта модель переносится на почву древней экзегетической литературы, то неизбежно возникает противоречие между современным определением и своеобразием языка древних авторов. В рамках данной статьи предпринимается попытка рассмотреть основные значения ἀναγωγή в древних экзегетических памятниках. Ἀναγωγή is quite often used in ancient monuments of Christian theological and exegetical literature in different meanings, which greatly complicates the understanding of this word in each individual case. Within the framework of the exegetical procedure, anagoge is used in a metaphorical meaning and denotes a figurative meaning, and sometimes at the same time a figurative understanding of the text, when it comes to the metaphorical content of figures of speech, or the presence of a mystical allegorical meaning. Modern Russian biblical science tends to see in ἀναγωγή a certain spiritual method/meaning of the interpretation of the Holy Scriptures (most often it means the eschatological interpretation). When this model is transferred to the soil of ancient exegetical literature, then a contradiction arises between the modern definition and the originality of the language of ancient authors. Within the framework of this article, an attempt is made to consider the main meanings of ἀναγωγή in ancient exegetical monuments.

Metaphorical Argumentation

It is a fact that novel metaphorical utterances appear in natural language argumentation. It seems, moreover, that these put forward metaphorical propositions that can have different roles (data, warrants or claims) in argument structure. There can even be good argumentation which is indispensably metaphorical. However, not all metaphor theories provide an explanation of metaphorical meaning compatible with these claims. In this article, we explain the three main views on metaphorical meaning and show, analysing some examples, their consequences for metaphorical argumentation. Our analysis shows that only the cognitive view can explain that there are arguments which can only be generated using novel metaphors.

The status of conventional metaphorical meaning in the L2 lexicon

This paper investigates how L2 speakers of English process conventional metaphorical expressions. While much of the literature on L2 processing of figurative expressions focuses on idioms only, the aim of this paper is to investigate how L2 speakers process conventional metaphorical expressions. The results of a cross-modal semantic priming task show that conventional metaphors have a special status in comparison to literal language in the L2 lexicon. The differences in reaction times show that L2 speakers are aware of the connections between literal primes and targets, resulting in slower reaction times, while this effect is not found in the metaphorical condition. This demonstrates that even when metaphorical language is very conventional, it can cause difficulties for L2 speakers. Furthermore, these results show that conventional metaphorical expressions can pose a semantic and pragmatic challenge for language learners, thus creating a need for explicit teaching of metaphorical meanings of polysemous words.

Linguo-Paradigmatic Aspects of the Concept “Tree”

In ancient Georgia, tree was designated as a beam, which is a common Kartvelian linguistic symbol. Tree is often used as a part, forming the complex basis and acquires another metaphorical meaning. Symbolic meaning of three is also very interesting which is met in Christian, as well as pagan world. A trace of worshiping a tree is met in oral telling, fairy tales and native poems and songs, as well as toponyms and the monuments of the objective culture. There are a lot of symbols of tree. Each type expresses different aspects of the sacral tree symbolism. A cult of a tree has a certain place in historical development of the Christian religion. In the Christian perception, an eternity of life is related to a tree. It is a metaphor creating the world. In the ecclesiastic poetry, “A tree of knowledge” and “A life tree”, both consider the Christ. Symbolism of a beam is also interesting. It is connected to the torment of the Savior as well. It is called as “a beam of life”, which underlies the vivifying power of a cross, which spread the blessing grace on the world. Symbolism of the tree yield is also distinguished. It is represented in various ways in the Bible and the Spiritual poetry.

Borderline regionalisms in sociolect of Polish descent youth in Vilnius

The aim of the paper is introduction and analysis of regionalisms of Vilnian polish youth’s sociolect. Regionalisms and dialectical forms that are typical of Polish language of the North–Eastern Borderlands were given to the study. In the given collection the most substantial group constitutes lexical regionalisms. Morphological (word–formative and inflectional) and phonetical regionalisms appeared in the lower range. They represent different theme range. The analysis of regional lexeme meaning, given by the respondents, revealed that a part of them were used in their main regional meaning. However, there are frequent examples of neosemanticism that are used in a metaphorical meaning with a severe emotional tone.

FEATURES OF THE COMPARISON OF UZBEK AND KOREAN LANGUAGES AND THE PROCESS OF EXPANDING THE MEANING OF COMPARISON EXPRESSIONS

This article will explore in detail the concept between Uzbek and Korean, the characteristics of comparisons, which are representative types of figurative expression, and the process of expanding the vocabulary meaning of words to the meanings of comparisons. Figurative expression means a deviation from the laws of everyday language and it shows the appearance of a connection between the dictionary meaning and the metaphorical meaning of words based on their forms or similarities of attributes. In particular, this article will examine the meaning of comparisons defined in the Uzbek and Korean languages ​​and the type of words connecting comparisons used when expressing comparisons, which will be confirmed by examples of comparisons in Uzbek and Korean. In addition, with the help of examples, it will be possible to find out that, unlike comparative connecting words in the Uzbek language, in Korean, comparative connecting words in a sentence, depending on the part of speech, can be interchanged, but there may be cases where they cannot be replaced. Comparative compounds in the Uzbek language can be interchanged without limitation. Also, with the help of examples, the phenomenon of vocabulary expansion of words when used in comparative phrases in Korean will be explained in detail.