Anxiolytic Mechanism(S) and Corticosterone-Attenuating Effect of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus globiferus Mistletoe Growing on Azadirachta indica Tree

Similar pharmacodynamic mechanism(s) often underlie drug actions and toxicities of anxiolytic agents and medicinal extracts. Extracts of Tapinanthus globiferus and related plant species have been reported with anxiolytic activities. But mechanistic evaluations on these plant extracts are few. This study investigated the anxiolytic mechanism(s), including the corticosterone-attenuating effect, of hydroalcoholic Tapinanthus globiferus (HATG) leaf extract harvested from Azadirachta indica host tree in the mouse elevated zero-maze and restraint-induced acute stress paradigms using per cent open segment time (%OST) and brain/plasma corticosterone levels as endpoints, respectively. The results show that anxiolytic activity (%OST) of 150 mg/kg HATG leaf extract was reversed by pretreatment with 5 mg/kg caffeine (HATG alone, 10.90±1.73;HATG+Caffeine, 8.66±1.74), 2 mg/kg methysergide (MTD) (HATG alone, 98.70±14.98; HATG+MTD, 74.20±10.82) and 5 mg yohimbine (HATG alone, 120.10±10.72; HATG+Yohimine, 78.44±13.92) but not by 0.5 m/kg atropine (HATG alone, 104.60±25.31; HATG+Atropine, 105.40±11.85), 0.5 mg/kg flumazenil (HATG alone,80.27±9.69; HATG+Flumazenil, 80.75±10.19), 2 mg/kg cyproheptadine (HATG alone, 88.67±16.44; HATG+Cyproheptadine, 92.11±12.58), 0.2 mg/kg haloperidol (HATG alone, 74.11±17.33; HATG+Haloperidol, 94.00±32.54) and 5 mg/kg naloxone (HATG alone, 94.30±10.84; HATG+Naloxone, 95.30±6.86). The results also indicate HATG leaf extract (at 50, 150, 500 and 1500 mg/kg) caused largely dose-dependent and significant (p<0.05) attenuations in brain/plasma corticosterone levels (5.64±0.66/3.91±0.44,3.78±0.39/3.39±0.38, 4.26±0.34/3.22±0.18 and 2.74±0.51/2.74±0.22), respectively, in extract- compared to distilled water- (5.93±0.60/4.56±0.37) and diazepam-treated (2.34±0.19/2.44±0.29) mice subjected to restraint-induced acute stress. These findings suggest anxiolytic mechanism(s) of the extract may involve its interactions with the adenosine, non-5HT2 serotonin, alpha (α)2 receptors and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study may constitute the first mechanistic and corticosterone modulation report on the extracts of this parasitic medicinal plant and may benefit from confirmatory radio-labelled binding assays in subsequent studies.

Autonomous Ration Shops Using Database Management System and Embedded System

This paper centres around structure and execution of Automation of Ration Shop. In ongoing situation, all general society and private parts go for computerization in their procedure. Common Supplies Corporation is the significant open segment which oversees and conveys the basic items to all the residents. A portion of the restrictions of traditional proportion shop framework are because of manual estimations in the ordinary framework, consequently the client can not ready to get the precise amount of material. And furthermore there is an opportunity for the unlawful utilization of the items in the regular framework. for example the materials are taken by making incorrectly sections in the register without the information on the apportion card holder. And furthermore the moderate preparing keeps a long line before the shop. To defeat these issues we go for the mechanization of the apportion shops. This article aims for the sequential recording of ration shop transactions to a database using a network of clients with a server. The paper involves a client side and server side. The client PC is the one which is in the ration shop and the server side contains the database and a PC. The client PC is connected with a weighing machine. The client module consists of arduino microcontroller, which is with the weighing machine. The customer with a ration card can have his allotted items and which will be updated to the server as he receives it. The weight of the item is recorded by the microcontroller based weighing machine to the PC. The customer can access the details of his purchase and the amount of items left in the shop through an ASP.NET based webpage. The server stores all the allotted items to a ration shop for each and every customer and also the total items allotted for the ration shop. This project aims in the minimization of ration related corruption including the black-market reselling of goods and also the incorrect weights of items supplied and price related issues.

On the Lp bound for degenerate elliptic operators with two variables in the ill posed problem

Let Ω be an open set in the upper half plane {y > 0}, whose boundary is denoted by ∂Ω. Let ∂Ω contain an open segment Γ lying on the x-axis.We consider the following system of first order degenerating on y = 0:where kj, μj are real constants and bjk are in L∞(Ω), further kj are non-negative integers.