Enhanced Production with Self-Driven Multi-Phase Pumps

Some wells are either producing intermittently or ceasing against the trunk line pressure due to low flowing wellhead pressure. OLS with MPP provides the flexibility such as boosting pressure from low flowing wellhead pressure well to the existing trunk lines. The MPP has a wider pressure operating envelope to accommodate the less flowing wellhead pressure well in long run. Incremental Oil & gas production will be realized by lowering the FWHP on this well using the OLS. Multi-Phase Pumps solutions have sustained production from marginal and restarted non-producing wells. Production gains are highly dependent on the reservoir and well parameters.

Enhanced Method of Estimating Crude Oil Losses in a Unitized Pipeline Supply and Trunk Facilities

Most unitized Pipelines in Nigeria are Trunk lines which take crude oil from flow stations to the Terminals. Very few International Oil and Gas Companies own and operate trunk lines in Nigeria. As a result, marginal field owners, independent producers, and some JV partners share the trunk line for the sale of their crude. But because of the use of wide range of non-compliant meters by the injectors into the trunk lines a lot of line losses due to measurement errors are introduced. Another major feature is that trunk lines are exposed to leakages due to sabotage, aged pipeline and valve failures. The issue here is how does the owner of the trunk line back allocate these losses to their respective injectors. The Reverse Mass Balanced Methodology (RMBM) is currently in use having replaced Interim Methodology (IM) in 2017. In RMBM, the crude trunk line losses have been found to be unaccountable and it's proportionate rule for distribution of the losses to the producers are inequitable as the field owners expressed dissatisfaction with unfair deduction from trunk line operators. This study developed a procedure and an algorithm for estimation of crude contributions from each producer at the Terminal and equitable distribution of crude trunk line losses to the producers irrespective of the type of meters, meter factor and leakages and sporadic theft on the trunk lines. This study also identified two alternatives to the RMBM, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Flow based models. The results showed that flow-based model accounts for both individual and group losses, not accounted for in the RMBM, and allocates and corrects for leak volumes at the point of leak instead of at the terminal. This is a significant improvement from the RMBM.

Magistrala Siedlce – Bołogoje jako przykład kolei strategicznej

The Siedlce-Bołogoje Trunk Line as an Example of a Strategic Railway The article presents a comprehensive view of the origins, technical characteristics and functioning of the Siedlce-Bologoye railway line. This railway, with an impressive length of 1.100 km, was built in the years 1902–1907 as a connection between the lands of the Kingdom of Poland and the governorates of central Russia in order to ensure the efficient transport of troops and their supplies given the anticipated war with Germany and Austria-Hungary. The work aims to illustrate to what extent the assumptions of the construction promoters were confirmed and how it was used in particular periods.

INCREASING THE PROTECTION EFFICIENCY OF 0.4 KV POWER TRANSMISSION LINES WITH BRANCH LINES FROM SINGLE-PHASE SHORT CIRCUITS DUE TO THE USE OF MULTI-CONTACT SWITCHING SYSTEM MSS-2-3

The purpose of the work is to increase the protection efficiency of 0.4 kV power lines with branch lines from single-phase short circuits by means of using the multi-contact switching system MSS-2-3. It can be not possible to provide the necessary sensitivity of protecting 0.4 kV power lines against one-phase short circuits when the power line length is too high and when the wire cross section does not provide the necessary value of the phase-zero loop resistance. Power line sectionalizing helps to solve this problem. It allows dividing power lines into sections, each is protected by its protective device. The settings of the protective devices installed at the beginning of a power transmission line and at the sectioning units (SU) are different. It provides the necessary selectivity of their work. At the same time, many power transmission lines (PTL) have long branch lines. The choice of the installation site of SU in such lines is difficult since a short circuit or other damage can occur both on a trunk line section and on a branch line. When installing SU both before a branch line and behind it, there might be the cases of unjustified power supply outages. Therefore, it is necessary to develop devices allowing for sectionalizing such power lines at the installation site of SU while ensuring the possibility of disconnecting both a trunk line section and a branch line directly. Such a device is a multi-contact switching system having two independent contact groups and three outputs (MSS-2-3). Installing the MSS-2-3 at a branch line point increases the security of the power transmission line against short circuits including single-phase ones and also increases power supply reliability to consumers since only a damaged section is disconnected in case of damage to the power transmission line. The feature of choosing the settings for the operation of switching devices installed in the MKS-2-3 to protect the switched power line sections is the need to take into account the parameters of a trunk line section and a branch line