The Influence of NMI against Modularity in Community Detection Problem: A Case Study for Unsigned and Signed Networks

Community detection is useful for better understanding the structure of complex networks. It aids in the extraction of the required information from such networks and has a vital role in different fields that range from healthcare to regional geography, economics, human interactions, and mobility. The method for detecting the structure of communities involves the partitioning of complex networks into groups of nodes, with extensive connections within community and sparse connections with other communities. In the literature, two main measures, namely the Modularity (Q) and Normalized Mutual Information (NMI) have been used for evaluating the validation and quality of the detected community structures. Although many optimization algorithms have been implemented to unfold the structures of communities, the influence of NMI on the Q, and vice versa, between a detected partition and the correct partition in signed and unsigned networks is unclear. For this reason, in this paper, we investigate the correlation between Q and NMI in signed and unsigned networks. The results show that there is no direct relationship between Q and NMI in both types of networks.

Scenarios post foreclosure crisis in Catalonia: accumulation of housing by banks as the first step for the rise of large private landlords

The article analyses the uneven geography of foreclosed housing owned by large private landlords in Catalonia. A Negative Binomial Model is applied to identify the local determinants of the concentration patterns of 32,941 housing units in Catalan cities. Indicators of socioeconomic vulnerability, such as the percentage of foreign population or the percentage of unemployed residents, are identified as key explanatory factors of the regional geography of housing accumulated by banks which, in turn, correspond to areas in which global corporate landlords are focusing their business for profiteering from the rental market in the current expansionist phase of the housing cycle. Our findings demonstrate that the concentration of properties in the most vulnerable areas was fuelled by foreclosures responsibility of banks rescued with public funds. In tandem, we provide detailed information for the understanding of the new scenarios that have emerged during the post-crisis phase.

Bibliography of Halford J. MacKinder’s Works

The British geographer Sir Halford John Mackinder (1861–1947) is considered a key figure in the formulation of Classical Geopolitics, a disciple developed out of Geography and emphasizing the relation of geographical data and power distribution in international relations. Mackinder’s work includes original contributions to the fields of Geography, especially Physical Geography and Regional Geography, with special illuminations on Orography. Mackinder himself participated in field explorations in Eastern Africa. Mackinder’s terminology and thematic loci, such as the ‘pivot area’/ ‘Heartland’ and ‘World-Island’ formed the basis for Classical Geopolitics as a distinct methodological view and influenced many writers; through their elaboration Mackinder’s views contributed to the geostrategic outlook of Western powers after WWII. The article presents a complete Bibliography of Mackinder’s work with full documentation and shows the development and evolution of Mackinder’s scholarly thoughts and interests over time. Mackinder was a prolific writer; in total, he wrote 17 books and monographs, six syllabi for university purposes, 73 articles including his reports on the development of Geography at Oxford University and his field reports, as well as two Prologues in other writers’ books, nine newspaper opinion articles, eight speeches and addresses during special events of academia and 27 discussions and reviews of other writers’ work. He also contributed to five orographical maps.

WHAT HAS CHANGED IN THE WORLD REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING IN TURKEY: A SYLLABUS-BASED ASSESSMENT

During the Republican period in Turkey, various arrangements were made regarding the world regional geography syllabi. In this context, with the curriculum of 2005, which forms the overall structure of the geography curriculum in today's secondary education, the understanding of world regional geography has greatly changed. This study is descriptive as well as qualitative data model and document analysis in terms of data gathering techniques. The main objective of the study is to explain the historical development process of countries' geography teaching in the secondary education in Turkey and to set forth the current state of the countries' geography teaching. The study revealed that the current teaching of countries' geography in secondary education has been renewed. In this context, it is revealed that the manner with which the topics related to countries' geography were delivered was aiming to analyse the geographic information, and to achieve progress in an innovative sense. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0720/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Baton Rouge—A Neopragmatic Regional Geographic Approach

The present contribution to a neopragmatic approach to regional geography attempts to collect, structure, and reflect knowledge with different spatial, social, and cultural references. This is not a matter of designing a classical regional or landscape “compartmentalization” of distinct spatial units, which are characterized by a specific reciprocal shaping of culture and the initial physical substrate, but of investigating and reflecting the reciprocal influences of different levels of scale as well as the construction mechanisms and contingency of spatial units. By means of “theoretical” and also empirical “triangulation”, a differentiated picture of complex research objects—here Baton Rouge, LA—is generated, whereby (partial) contradictions between theoretical approaches and the relationship between the various appropriately chosen theories and equally well-chosen empirical methods are also accepted.

Deleuze and Guattary in Bosnia: Geophilosophy and Historical-Geographical Narratives

<p>Geophilosophy is a spatial concept that will be applied as a supplement to the geographical method, in order to better understand the historical-geographical development in Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter BiH), its political-geographical evolution and the dialectic of regional geographical forms<a>[1]</a>. This was achieved through the application of the postmodernist concept of geophilosophy, which was created by Deleuze and Guattari at the end of their scientific careers<a>[2]</a>. From their philosophical point of view, Tampio (2014), Protevi (2010), Paar (2010) and others wrote about their work. This concept also has its geographical dimension, and significant works have been written about it by Woodward (2017), Bonta (2010), Peet (1998) and others. The purpose of this paper refers to the attempt to simplify the presentation of cyclical historical-geographical processes on the territory of BiH, which can be explained by the correctness of the origin and development of certain geophilosophical processes. Therefore, the organization of this paper is supported by the elaboration of the terms territorialization, deterritorialization and reterritorialization. Finally, the conclusions indicate the coincidence of these geophilosophical processes with the historical-geographical phases in the development of BiH: prehistory = territorialization; ancient period = deterritorialization and medieval period = reterritorialization.</p> <div><br> <hr> <div> <p><a>[1]</a> The historical-geographical framework for this manuscript is ​​the second part of the book: G. Mutabdžija, <i>Regional Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina</i>, 2016</p> </div> <div> <p><a>[2]</a> Deleuze and Guattari, <i>What is Philosophy?</i>, 1994.</p> </div> </div>