Implications of Key Philosophical Assumptions and Paradigms in Geography Teaching and Research

Geography has had limited interchange with the implications of major philosophical assumptions and paradigms in geographical education and research methodology. This paper claims a closer engagement with the philosophical arguments on ontology, epistemology, and axiology as well as the research and teaching strategies or paradigms. It is adopted and has much to offer to geography, not least in providing a showground within which very different types of geographical inquiry i.e., qualitative and quantitative, may find some common ground for helpful discussion and debate in geographic research. Nevertheless, this will only be fully accomplished if geography enters on: (1) studies that develop and arrange clear positivist ideas and concepts within the particular geographic research; (2) studies that attempt to relate geographic research to the broader realm of the constructionism/ interpretivism tradition; and (3) examination of the link of the geographic research with the pragmatism. The contemporary revival of geographic paradigm is described, together with its impacts on research and teaching methodology in geography. The prevailing literature on geographical rendezvous with positivism is then examined, and it is claimed that there is a single reality, which can be measured and known. Therefore, they are more likely to use quantitative methods to measure the fact. Likewise, constructivist believe that there is no single reality or truth. Thus, existence need to be interoperated, and consequently they are more likely to use qualitative methods to get those multiple realities. Pragmatism has much broader relevance within both physical and human geography, not linked to particular research styles. It believes that truth or reality is constantly negotiated, debated, interpreted and therefore, the best method to use is to solve the problem or explores the truth or fact.

Use of Screencast in Distance Education GIS Lessons: Students' Views

This study aims to analyze the views of geography teacher students on the GIS course conducted with screencasts during the distance education process. Furthermore, the study reveals, along with the reasons, how the process of capturing and sharing screencasts with students can assist instructors. At the end of the term, 27 students studying in the second year of the geography teaching undergraduate program were asked about their opinions of the lesson. The data were collected through a structured evaluation form consisting of open-ended questions to evaluate the course. In the analysis of the comments obtained, MAXQDA software, which is frequently used in qualitative data analysis, was applied. The expressions in the answers were analyzed using the content analysis technique. Overall, the results prove that the beneficial aspects of the GIS course, which consists of applications and is conducted with screencast, outweigh the theory. Thanks to the screencast model, students can use their time efficiently and watch the videos repeatedly whenever and wherever they want. Nevertheless, the results reveal that extra methods are required to motivate students to transfer theoretical information and that screencasts have some disadvantages.

NOS TRILHOS DA DEMOCRACIA:

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o papel do ensino de Geografia na formação cidadã. Inicialmente, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, foram discutidas as contribuições da ciência geográfica e do seu ensino para o debate em torno da efetivação da cidadania. Posteriormente, foi apresentado e discutido o projeto de ensino “Nos trilhos da Democracia”, que objetivou analisar e solucionar os problemas urbanos locais mediante a participação política dos alunos do C.E. Nelson Pereira Rebel, localizado em Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ. A pesquisa evidencia o potencial da escola como espaço de formação cidadã e a importância da Geografia Escolar nesse processo. O território se apresenta como um componente central - não como uma ilustração do conteúdo, mas um princípio para o desenvolvimento de práticas de educação para a democracia. Muito mais do que aprender sobre direitos e deveres, ou ainda sobre o funcionamento da organização político-administrativa do Brasil, é essencial que os alunos protagonizem ações de investigação e intervenção no território, compreendendo que a participação é a base de uma democracia efetiva. Palavras-chave Geografia, Ensino, Cidadania, Território. IN THE TRACKS OF DEMOCRACY: geography teaching in citizen's formation Abstract This paper has the objective of analyzing the role of Geography in citizen's formation. Firstly, through bibliographical research, we discussed the contributions of geographical science and its teaching to debate about the establishment of citizenship. After that, we presented and discussed the teaching project "In the tracks of Democracy", which aimed to analyze and solve local urban problems, by the political participation of the students from C.E. Nelson Pereira Rebel, located at the Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ. The research confirms the school's potential as a local to form citizens and confirms the importance of School Geography in this process. The territory presents itself as a main character - it would not be an illustration of content, but a principle to develop educational practices for democracy. Much more than learn about rights and duties, or the political-administrative organization, it is crucial that the students create and star investigation and intervention actions in the territory, understanding that the participation is the key to an effective democracy. Keywords Geography, Teaching, Citizenship, Territory.

O MÉTODO DE ANÁLISE DE CONTEÚDO: contribuições para a pesquisa qualitativa em ensino de Geografia

METHOD OF CONTENT ANALYSIS: contributions to qualitative research in Geography teachingMÉTODO DE ANÁLISIS DE CONTENIDO: contribuciones a la investigación cualitativa en la enseñanza de la GeografíaRESUMOAborda-se nesse artigo a pesquisa qualitativa como método de pesquisa. O objetivo geral é discutir acerca da Análise de Conteúdo como método de análise de resultados de pesquisa voltada para o ensino de Geografia. Por meio de um referencial teórico foi destacada a importância da pesquisa qualitativa com base em Alves-Mazzotti e Gewandsznajder (2002), Matos e Pessôa (2009), Salvi (2009); articula-se a pesquisa qualitativa à pesquisa em ensino de Geografia embasada por Corrêa (2003). Como método deste tipo de pesquisa utiliza-se a Análise de Conteúdo tendo como autores: Bardin (1977; 1994; 2011), Laville e Dionne (1999), Triviños (1987). Diante das dificultadas presentes no meio ambiente educativo, a questão qualitativa se apresenta como sendo uma das chances para se averiguar a situação do ensino geográfico e os agentes envolvidos nesse encadeamento.Palavras-chave: Pesquisa Qualitativa; Método; Resultados; Análise de Conteúdo; Ensino de Geografia.ABSTRACTThis article discusses qualitative research as a research method. The general objective is to discuss about Content Analysis as a method of analysis of research results focused on the teaching of geography. Through a theoretical framework, the importance of qualitative research based on Alves-Mazzotti and Gewandsznajder (2002), Matos and Pessôa (2009), Salvi (2009); qualitative research is linked to research in geography teaching based on Corrêa (2003). As a method of this type of research the Content Analysis is used having as authors: Bardin (1977; 1994; 2011), Laville and Dionne (1999), Triviños (1987). Given the difficulties present in the educational environment, the qualitative question presents itself as one of the chances to ascertain the situation of geographical teaching and the agents involved in this chain.Keywords: Qualitative Research; Method; Result; Content Analysis; Geography Teaching.RESUMENEste artículo analiza la investigación cualitativa como método de investigación. El objetivo general es discutir sobre el Análisis de Contenidos como método de análisis de resultados de investigación enfocado a la enseñanza de la geografía. A través de un marco teórico, la importancia de la investigación cualitativa basada en Alves-Mazzotti y Gewandsznajder (2002), Matos y Pessôa (2009), Salvi (2009); la investigación cualitativa está vinculada a la investigación en la enseñanza de la geografía basada en Corrêa (2003). Como método de este tipo de investigación se utiliza el Análisis de Contenido teniendo como autores a: Bardin (1977; 1994; 2011), Laville y Dionne (1999), Triviños (1987). Dadas las dificultades presentes en el entorno educativo, la cuestión cualitativa se presenta como una de las oportunidades para conocer la situación de la enseñanza geográfica y los agentes involucrados en esta cadena.Palabras clave: Investigación Cualitativa; Método; Resultado; Análisis de Contenido; Enseñanza de la Geografía.

MATERIAIS PEDAGÓGICOS PARA O ENSINO DE GEOGRAFIA FÍSICA NO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL II

Esta pesquisa parte de inquietações referentes ao papel da Geografia Física no currículo de Geografia na educação básica e da abordagem dos conteúdos relacionados à temática. Portanto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo propor a criação e utilização de recursos didático-pedagógicos para o ensino de Geografia Física. (GF) Para tal, analisou-se o livro didático (LD) “Expedições Geográficas” do 6° ano do Ensino Fundamental visando identificar lacunas na abordagem de conteúdos. Optou-se pela análise do livro do 6° ano, pois, apresenta, de acordo com a BNCC e o Currículo Carioca, mais conteúdos voltados para a temática de GF. Os materiais e atividades lúdico-pedagógicas elaborados foram baseados nas lacunas encontradas no LD com relação à GF. Com a análise do LD, observou-se que há ausência de temáticas específicas relacionadas à sustentabilidade, riscos e solos. A elaboração de materiais para o ensino desses temas é uma ferramenta que pode contribuir para a aprendizagem significativa e despertar o interesse dos estudantes. Conclui-se que há necessidade da produção de materiais para abordar temas ausentes no LD. Além disso, verificou-se que atividades lúdicas são importantes para o ensino de Geografia Física, pois permitem maior envolvimento dos alunos com os conteúdos. Palavras-chave Recursos pedagógicos, Materiais lúdicos, Educação Geográfica, Currículo Carioca. PEDAGOGICAL MATERIALS FOR PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY TEACHING IN MIDDLE SCHOOL Abstract This research starts from concerns regarding the role of Physical Geography in the Geography curriculum in basic education and the approach to the contents related to the theme. Therefore, these research aimed to propose the creation and use of didactic-pedagogical resources for teaching Physical Geography.For this, the textbook “Geographical Expeditions” of the 6th year of middle school was analyzed in order to identify gaps in the content. We opted for the analysis of the 6th grade book, because it has, according to the BNCC and the Carioca Curriculum, more content focused on the subject of Physical Geography. According to the Brazilian Common Core Curriculum and the Carioca Curriculum, the 6th grade has more content about physical geography. The pedagogical materials and activities developed were based on the gaps found in the textbook. It was also observed that such content has gaps, such as the lack of integration between themes related to sustainability, socio-environmental risks and soils. It is concluded that the development of playful materials for teaching Physical Geography is a tool that can contribute to meaningful learning. In addition, it was found that recreational activities are important for Physical Geography learning. Keywords Pedagogical resources, Playful materials, Geographic Education, Carioca Curriculum.

ORTHODOX MONASTERIES OF UKRAINE CENTERS OF EDUCATION AND PREPARATION OF WOMEN FOR SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN (XIX EARLY XX CENTURY)

The article reveals and analyzes the leading trends in the preparation of women for the spiritual and moral education of children of this period, reveals the main purpose, process, content and objectives of training. It is highlighted at which monasteries of Ukraine at that time there were women’s educational institutions where girls were prepared for the spiritual and moral upbringing of children. The historical digression clearly shows us that for centuries the centers of spiritual education, culture and education were Orthodox monasteries. In the XIX - early XX centuries. at the monasteries of Ukraine there is a rapid development of educational institutions for girls, mostly of spiritual condition. The first such institutions were: a school for orphans of the clergy at the Odessa Michael the Archangel Monastery (1844) and a theological school for girls of the clergy at the Lebedinsky Nikolaev Monastery (1859). At that time, monastic educational institutions were divided into two categories. The first category included institutions under the “patronage” of the Empress Mary, the second - schools that were subordinate to the Holy Synod, under the management of the diocesan elders and the care of local clergy and the abbess of the monastery.These educational institutions differed in goals, organization of internal regulations, curricula, staff, rights of officials and material support, but had a common goal: to give girls an education that would meet their purpose: on the one hand, to act as a wife, and with another is to become an educated mother who raises her children in a spiritual and moral environment and a housewife. Thanks to the “Statute of Women’s Diocesan Schools” of 1868, graduates received the title of “Home Teacher”, which gave them the right to teach.It is important to emphasize that the first monastic women’s theological educational institutions were planned as three-class -with a two-year course of each class. The compulsory subjects that the girls were to study included: the Law of God (short catechism and sacred history), church singing, reading, Slavic and Russian languages, short grammar, arithmetic (up to the “triple rule”), short Russian history and geography, teaching needlework and housekeeping. The main task of the monastery school was to educate the heart and will, which should strive for good. The life of the soul is determined by the heart and concentrated in it, and the will, directed to good and guided by conscience, is the basis of the moral character of man. Good upbringing indicates successful learning.

ENSINO DE GEOGRAFIA NO CONTEXTO DA DIVERSIDADE E DA INCLUSÃO EDUCACIONAL

As políticas inclusivas apontam avanços no direito à escolarização de alunos, contemplando a sua diversidade. Dessa forma, pessoas com deficiência, transtorno do espectro autista, altas habilidades e outras singularidades, vem ocupando espaços nas escolas. Contudo, há muito a ser percorrido para que a inclusão se efetive, sendo um dos pilares, a mediação pedagógica, a partir da escuta sensível, que permite atender às necessidades e especificidades dos alunos. O presente artigo intenciona analisar e problematizar as práticas docentes e os recursos didáticos, utilizados no ensino de Geografia, com ênfase na categoria Lugar e na cartografia tátil. A temática é relevante, pois há uma imagem estereotipada da geografia escolar, considerada como uma disciplina mnemônica, difícil, que urge ser desconstruída, sobretudo para alunos com deficiência, que vivenciam a chamada “inclusão marginal”. O texto é produto de uma pesquisa colaborativa, com desenvolvimento de oficinas, a partir de dados coletados em entrevistas, grupos focais e questionários. Nos achados da pesquisa, assume destaque a subtração do direito à educação, pela falta de equidade de oportunidades e de recursos táteis não usados pela grande maioria dos professores. Nesse sentido, uma educação de qualidade, para todos, é um desafio necessário e urgente que a sociedade deve assegurar. Palavras-chave Ensino de geografia, Diversidade, Inclusão, Cartografia tátil. TEACHING GEOGRAPHY IN THE CONTEXT OF DIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL INCLUSION Abstract Inclusive policies point to advances in the right to schooling for students, taking into account their diversity. Thus, people with disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, high skills and other singularities, have been occupying spaces in schools. However, there is much to be done for inclusion to become effective, one of the pillars being pedagogical mediation, based on sensitive listening, which allows meeting the needs and specificities of students. This article intends to analyze and problematize teaching practices and didactic resources, used in the teaching of Geography, with emphasis on the category Place and tactile cartography. The theme is relevant, as there is a stereotyped image of school geography, considered as a mnemonic, difficult discipline, which urgently needs to be deconstructed, especially for students with disabilities, who experience the so-called “marginal inclusion”. The text is the product of collaborative research, with the development of workshops, based on data collected in interviews, focus groups and questionnaires. In the research findings, the subtraction of the right to education is highlighted, due to the lack of equity in opportunities and tactile resources not used by the vast majority of teachers. In this sense, quality education for all is a necessary and urgent challenge that society must ensure. Keywords Geography teaching, Diversity, Inclusion, Tactile cartography.