D. Е Jacobson. Ueber die Pathologie des Delirium tremens. Allg. Zeitschr, f. Psych Bd. 54. 1898

A fever occurs only in chronic alcoholics. The reason for her appearance is unknown. It is attributed to various circumstances (emotional excitement, frequent excesses or sudden abstinence from alcohol, acute illnesses, pneumonia, trauma).

Letter to the Editor: Prevention of Depression and Psychological Stress by Studying Book in Quarantine Conditions of COVID-19

With the occurrence pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the World Health Organization and health officials in all countries of the world were forced to comply with quarantine conditions. On the one hand, the stress of this dangerous viral disease, and other hand, staying home for an indefinite period of time does not have pleasant consequences. The announcement of an increase in the number of patients with the disease and the death toll also adds to the emotional excitement. Therefore, to prevent mental and psychological diseases as well as other social harms, people can make it easier and more tolerable of quarantine conditions and issues on the margins of illness, by studying and reading books. Research has shown that studying, especially reading books plays an important role in preventing diseases such as depression and stress. It is difficult to predict when this tragedy will end. But more importantly, the evidence suggests there is a possibility that such cases will be repeated.

The features of qualification of some kind of crimes against person’s health

The article deals with the problems of qualification of particular crimes against person’s health, which is provided by Section II of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Particularly, special attention is given to the delimitation of related crime structures, namely: grievous bodily harm (part 1 a. 121, 128) and negligent homicide (a. 119) from illegal abortion (a. 134); bodily injury (a.a. 121, 122, 125) from being left in danger (a.135), violation of patient rights (a. 141), unethical human experimentation (a. 142), violation of the established order of organ and tissue transplantation (a. 143), illegal medical activities (a. 138); forced donation (a. 144), from premeditated murder, negligent homicide and premeditated grievous bodily injury (a.a. 115, 119, 121); qualification features of illegal disclosure of medical information are considered (a. 145). The distinguishing features of the articles are investigated: the article 116 (the premeditated murder of emotional excitement) and 123 (premeditated grievous bodily harm of intense emotional excitement); the correlation of several special rules is installed among themselves (a. 123, 124 and p.2 of a.121). Suggestions were made regarding to the qualification of grievous bodily harm in the commission of other crimes, as many articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine provide «serious consequences», which are some of the most uncertain and controversial and require further study. In practice, the provision of criminal law theory and qualification rules are not always taken into account, and provision of by-laws is outdated. Therefore, the criteria for delineation of some crimes against human's health were analyzed. Their particular features (objective and subjective) are established and they took the role of distinguishing features. Key words:personal health, crime, harm to health, personal injury.

Interne determinante altruizma: da li je pomaganje drugima u osnovi egoistično ili altruistično?

Classical meaning of altruism lies in the fact that it seems to represent an exception from convincing' principle which argues that behaviour is controlled by rewards and punishments and in this connection by generalization that people are essentially egoistic. Contemporary researches of the positive forms of social behaviour are only peripherally relevant for this centuries-old question. The majority of these researches investigate situational factors and external determinants of altruistic behaviour. But by turning from the investigation of altruism as a social form of behaviour to definition of altruism as an attribute of personality, a problem necessarily arises of establishing internal determinants and motivational structure of the helping act. Recent approaches point out the importance of emotional factors as fundamental mediators in helping others. These approaches are different from the above mentioned ones because they presuppose different kind of motivation, caused by emotional excitement. According to Piliavin and Piliavin model, helping others in a trouble is exclusively motivated by egoism. Batson and Coke on the other hand presuppose the experience of empathy can be a cause of unaffected altruistic motivation to help. According to this model the spectator of a troubled person can experience qualitatively different emotions: personal anxiety and empathic care for the troubled person, These different emotional reactions result in different motivation to help. There is a suggestion that the experience of empathy provokes altruistically motivated behaviour, i. e. help whose aim is a reduction of the other’s trouble and not of personal unpleasant states. The authors propose a method as well how to ascertain empirically whether motivation to help other is altruistic or egoistic in its essence. At the same time this model represents the first meritorious attempt to ascertain the motivational basis of seemingly unselfish helping others not notionally only but empirically as well.

Factors impacting the decision to attend soccer games: an exploratory study

Purpose – As an exploratory study, the purpose of this paper is to examine the underlying motivations for attending soccer games. Design/methodology/approach – Attendees at two soccer games in Athens, Greece were surveyed about their frequency of attendance at soccer games and their attitudes toward soccer. In total, 252 people from five randomly selected sections of the stadiums participated in the survey. Findings – The results indicate that there are three major motivations – emotional excitement, socialization, and soccer atmospherics – and two identity salience factors – ardent soccer fans and rational soccer fans – for attending soccer games. The most important factor for attendance is being an ardent soccer fan closely followed by the emotional excitement factor. Among the demographic factors considered, only gender significantly affects soccer game attendance. Originality/value – In contrast to previous studies that are somewhat descriptive, this research explicitly introduces factors related to social identity theory and attempts to predict soccer game attendance on the basis of a scale of factors that focus on the major motivations for attendance of soccer games, identity salience reasons, and demographic factors. The inclusion of social identity theory as a factor in the attendance of soccer games is a major contribution of this study. Contrary to most of the earlier studies, this study showed that the socialization factor is not related to attendance at soccer games.