Kalanchoe Pinnata aqueous extract has the potential to improve haematological profile and fatigue status of mice subjected to Free Swimming Endurance Test

Introduction: Kalanchoe pinnata extracts have been shown to possess beneficial cardiovascular effects, analgesic and myorelaxant activities. This study aimed at evaluating the haematological and anti-fatigue effects of its aqueous extract. Materials and methods: This was an in vivo pharmacological experiment, carried out in the Laboratory of Zoology, University of Buea, from January to May 2018. A total of 48 mice were subjected to a 90mins/day-free endurance swimming test for 14 days. Two groups of mice received distilled water and 12% NaCl solution, respectively. Five groups received the plant extract (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) and 200mg/kg/day+NaCl. One positive control group received 5% Vitamin C (1.97mg/kg/day). All administrations were by gavage. Maximum swimming time, glycaemia, lactatemia, uremia, triglyceridemia, haematological indices, tissue glutathion peroxidase, malondialdehyde, glucose and creatine kinase-MB in the heart or gastrocnemius muscle were measured. Results: K. pinnata (50 and 100mg/kg/day) induced a non-significant increase of the swimming duration, compared to neutral control. However, the 12%NaCl group recorded a significant (P<0.05) increase. In the blood, NaCl induced a decrease of platelets that was significantly reverted by the extract in the 200mg/kg+NaCl group. The extract prevented the increase of the level of CK-MB in NaCl group and decreased the serum triglycerides, glucose, urea nitrogen and Lactate levels. In the tissues, MDA and CK-MB levels significantly increased (P<0.001) in the negative control. These increases were significantly (P<0.001) prevented by K. pinnata (200mg/kg/day). Conclusions: Significant biochemical variations support the hypothesis that K. pinnata could be used to delay exercise induced fatigue.

MYSTERIES OF HERB PARNABEEJA – KALANCHOE PINNATAPERSAN ADD ON TO AYURVEDA

Plants have always been the focus of mankind. They are the source of food, shelter and even medicine. The Ayur- veda claims the medicinal values of the plant along with animals and mineral sources. The quest for the addition of the plants as new medicine never ends. Kalanchoe pinnata Pers previously known as Bryophullum pinnatam of Crassulaceae family is the addition to Ayurveda named as Parnabeeja recognizing the medicinal efficacy. The vision of researchers attracted towards this ornamental plant recently, to explore the mysterious therapeutic effi- cacies and provide the evidence. Keywords: Parnabeeja, Kalanchoe pinnata Pers Medicinal efficacy

A review on kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae)

The primary goal of this study is to offer preliminary data for drug discovery research using Kalanchoe pinnata a heavenly plant that has a broad variety of active chemicals, including alkaloids, Phenols, Phenylpropanoids, Flavanoids, Triterpenoids, steroids, organic Salts. This plant was discovered to have a variety of pharmacological properties, including Antihypertensiveactivity, Hepatoprotective activity, Antimutagenic activity, Anti-ulcer activity, Uterine Contractility, Antidiabetic activity, Wound-healing activity, Antioxidant activity, Antitumour activity, Antiviral activity, Antimicrobial activity, Antileishmanial activity, Insecticidal activity, Antipyreticactivity, Antilithiatic activity, Neuropharmacological Immunosuppressive antibacterial activity, Cytotoxicity of testis. This study provides phytoconstituents and pharmacological activity of K. pinnata, a medicinal plant that may help researchers conduct more advanced qualitative research.

Etnobotânica de plantas medicinais na comunidade quilombola de Porto Alegre, Cametá, Pará, Brasil

A região amazônica apresenta a maior reserva de produtos naturais com propriedades curativas do planeta. Este artigo tem por objetivo fazer um levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais utilizadas pela comunidade quilombola de Porto Alegre, município de Cametá, Pará. O levantamento foi realizado entre fevereiro e maio de 2019, por meio de observação participante e entrevistas com 20 moradores. Para identificação botânica, as plantas foram coletadas e identificadas por meio de bibliografia especializada. Foram listadas 83 etnoespécies, sendo que 74 foram identificadas e pertencem a 39 famílias botânicas. As famílias mais comuns foram Lamiaceae (11 espécies), Fabaceae (7 espécies) e Rutaceae (5 espécies). As espécies mais citadas foram Kalanchoe pinnata, Dalbergia sp., Portulaca pilosa e Stryphnodendron adstringens. O chá é a forma mais comum de preparo, com destaque para o uso das folhas de 57 espécies. As doenças associadas ao aparelho digestivo e respiratório são as mais combatidas com o uso de plantas medicinais na comunidade. Estes resultados apontam que o uso de plantas medicinais possui grande valor sociocultural para a comunidade, sendo as mulheres e os idosos os principais detentores desses valiosos saberes.

Evaluation of the Leaf Extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe daigremontiana Chemistry, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity

The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical components and evaluate the biological activity of the extracts from the leaves Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe daigremontiana, which are cultivated in the province of Chiriqui, Republic of Panama. Phytochemicals components, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were studied. The composition of the obtained petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts was analyzed by phytochemical screening. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was studied using three in vitro model systems (DPPH radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, and superoxide radical scavenging activity). The anti-inflammatory activity of these species was studied using an in vivo model (ʎ-carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats). Phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins and glycosides. The greatest radical inhibitory effect was observed in the DPPH model where the ethanolic extracts of both species developed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect, the K. pinnata extract reached a maximum inhibitory effect of 49.5 ± 5.6% (2000

First Report of Diaporthe longicolla Causing Leaf Spot on Kalanchoe pinnata in China

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. [syn.: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken] is an important medicinal agent in southern China. The succulent leaves of this plant are used in the treatment of cholera, bruises, uri­nary diseases and whitlow. In Oct. 2019, leaf spots were detected on K. pinnata plants in Chengmai County, Hainan Province, China. Lesions with brown to black margins were irregularly shaped and associated with leaf margins. Spots coalesced to form larger lesions (Fig. S1-A), with black pycnidia present in more mature lesions. Symptomatic K. pinnata were found with 10-20% incidence during the humid winters of Hainan Province. Leaf tissues of 10 symptomatic plants were collected and surface sterilized in 70% ETOH for 30s, 0.1% HgCl2 for 30 s, rinsed 3x with sterile distilled water for 30s, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 30mg/L of kanamycin sulfate, and incubated at 25°C in the dark for 3-5 days. Four fungal isolates were obtained using a single-spore isolation method. The colonies were floccose, dense, and white with forming on older colonies grown on PDA (Fig. S1-B-1&2). Alpha conidia exuded from ostiole, rostrate, long-beaked pycnidia in creamy-to-yellowish drops. Alpha conidia were hyaline, ellipsoidal, separated and averaged 6.3μm (SD ± 1.13) long × 1.9μm (SD ± 0.33) wide (n=50). Beta conidia were not seen. The morphological characteristics matched the previous description of Diaporthe longicolla (syn. Phomopsis longicolla) (Hobbs et al. 1985). Mycelial genomic DNA of the representative isolate LDSG3-2 was extracted as template. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) , translation elongation factor 1α gene (TEF) and β-tubulin (TUB2) regions were amplified. These loci were amplified using primer pairs ITS4/ITS5 (White, et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999) and Bt2a/Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), respectively. A BLAST search of GenBank showed ITS (MN960195), TEF (MN974483) and TUB2 (MN974482) sequences of the isolate were 99%, 100%, and 99% homologous with D. longicolla strains DL11 (MF125048, 557/563 bp), D55 (MN584792, 347/347 bp) and DPC-HOH-32 (MK161506, 502/504 bp). Maximum likelihood trees based on concatenated nucleotide sequences of the three genes were constructed using MEGA 7.0, and bootstrap values indicated the isolate was D. longicolla (Fig. S1-D). Pathogenicity testing was performed using isolate LDSG3-2 by depositing 5µl droplets of a conidial suspension (1 × 106 ml-1) into 5 artificially wounded leaves (using a sterile needle) of 10 healthy 3-month-old K. pinnata plants. An equal number of artificially wounded control leaves were inoculated with sterile water to serve as a negative control. The test was conducted three times. Plants were kept at 25°C in 80% relative humidity and observed for symptoms. Two weeks after inoculation, no symptoms were observed on control plants (Fig. S1-C-1) and all inoculated plants showed symptoms (Fig. S1-C-2) similar to those observed in the field. The fungus was re-isolated from the infected tissues and showed the same cultural and morphological characteristics of the strain inoculated and could not be isolated from the controls fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on K. pinnata caused by D. longicolla in China. This disease is of concern since Phomopsis diseases are common in K. pinnata fields and can cause significant reduction in yield. References: White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. DOI: 10.1016/0167-7799(90)90215-J Carbone, I., and Kohn, L. M. 1999. Mycologia. 91:553. DOI: 10.2307/3761358 Glass, N. L., and Donaldson, G. C. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323. DOI: 10.1002/bit.260460112 Hobbs, T. W. et al. 1985. Mycologia. 77: 535. DOI: 10.2307/3793352

Experimental Urolithiasis Model to assess Phyto-fractions as Anti-lithiatic Contributors: A Herbaceutical Approach

Life-style disorders have bought a serious burden on the maintenance of health in animals and humans. Lithiasis specifically nephro- and urolithiasis is no exception and needs urgent attention. Currently, only semi-invasive and surgical methods are widely employed which leads to trauma and reoccurrence of kidney stones. Hence complementary and alternative herbal medicine could pave newer ways in exploring anti-lithiatic contributors. The current study attempts to screen twenty herbal hot aqueous leaf extracts for assessing their antioxidant potency (anti-stress) and efficiency against urolithiasis in an experimental calcium oxalate-induced in vitro (chicken egg membrane) model. The study was further validated by In silico molecular docking studies using the Molegro software package on enzymatic biomarkers involved in scavenging oxidants in the host and regulating oxalate metabolism at a cellular level. Among the screened botanicals Kalanchoe pinnata exhibited promising results compared to the standard chemical (potassium-magnesium citrate) and phyto-formulation drug (cystone) currently used by clinicians for treating urolithiasis. The phytochemical profiling (qualitative and quantitative) and virtual studies indicated rutin from Kalanchoe pinnata as a potential candidate for preventing kidney stones. The results of the current study provide better insights into the design and development of newer, smart, and cost-effective herbal therapeutics making food as medicine.