PENGARUH METODE GLASS ANALYSIS TERHADAP SELF-EFFICACY MEMBACA DAN READING LEVEL (STUDI PADA SALAH SATU SISWA KELAS 3 SD DENGAN KESULITAN MEMBACA DI SEKOLAH INKLUSI DI TANGERANG SELATAN)

This study aims to examine the effect of the glass analysis method on reading self-efficacy and reading levels in grade 3 elementary school students who have difficulty in reading. Glass analysis is one method of reading for students who experience reading difficulties, focuses on decoding. Glass analysis intervention was investigated to prove its effect on self-efficacy reading and reading levels. Self-efficacy is a person's belief in his ability to master tasks. The results of the effort are reading level, which is a proof of the success of the effort that has been achieved by students in reading skills. Determination of the sample using non probability sampling with purposive sampling technique. The subject consists of two, one experimental subject and one comparison subject. The experimental subjects received glass analysis intervention, while the comparison subjects described the reading and reading self-efficacy level of grade 3 elementary school students. The research variables were measured using two instruments, The Reader Self-Perception Scale (33 items) and informal reading tests. The data of the study were analyzed using paired-sample t test, so that the results obtained that glass analysis has not been able to influence reading self-efficacy (z = -1.0 and p> 0.05) and reading level (z = -1.0 and p> 0 ,05).Keyword: Glass Analysis, Self-Efficacy Membaca, Reading Level

REKONSTRUKSI PEKAN TIGA LINGGA, SUMATERA UTARA ABAD KE-19 (Studi Etnoarkeologi)

Tiga Lingga is refers to marketplace which located in the hinterland of North Sumatera. Toponym of Tiga refers to pharse in Tamil Language, katika-t-tavalam, which means market or pekan. This place become market for hinterland comodities in 19th centuries in Kenegerian Lingga teritory. This research examines the trading activities of Tiga Lingga market in 19th century with ethnoarchaeology approach. This approach is used for answering system behind a symtom archaeological culture using ethnographic data for comparison. Tiga Lingga market it’s aspects in economic activity is used as comparison subject. Subjects were analyzed using analysis of cultural continuity for used to awnser the paradigm of archaeological science that reconstruct activity in the past. This reserch concludes that the trading activity of Tiga Lingga market have the same similarities with Tiga Lingga market trading activity in the 19th century. It can be proved from the marketplace, day, time market and some economic aspects that does not change. For conclusions, Tiga Lingga was an old market at least in 19th century, which trading activity is still survive.

Glycosylation enzyme mRNA expression in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of elderly patients with schizophrenia: Evidence for dysregulation of multiple glycosylation pathways

Altered protein post-translational modifications such as glycosylation have become a target of investigation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Disrupted glycosylation associated processes including atypical sphingolipid metabolism, reduced polysialylation of cell adhesion molecules, abnormal proteoglycan expression, and irregular glycan synthesis and branching have also been reported in this disorder. These pathways are regulated by the expression of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases, classes of enzymes which comprise approximately 2% of the genome. Many glycosylation enzymes can participate in multiple glycosylation pathways and dysregulation of enzyme expression could represent a common mechanism leading to a variety of glycan processing deficits in schizophrenia. In matched pairs of elderly schizophrenia and comparison subject (N = 12 pairs) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, we measured mRNA levels of 84 key glycosylation enzymes by qPCR array. We found dysregulated transcript expression of 36 glycosylation enzymes from 12 functional categories. All of the abnormally expressed enzymes demonstrated increased transcript expression in schizophrenia, and many altered enzymes are known to modify substrates that have been previously implicated in the pathophysiology this illness. These findings suggest that abnormal glycosylation enzyme expression in schizophrenia may contribute to dysregulation of multiple glycosylation pathways, and disruptions of these central cell signaling processes may underlie a variety of deficits in schizophrenia.