Rescue Emergencies Due to High-Altitude Illnesses Are Rare in Switzerland

Background: Despite a potential high risk of acute mountain sickness (AMS) in the Swiss Alps, there is a lack of analyses concerning its relevance over longer periods. In consequence, the aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of AMS in comparison to other causes of mountain emergencies in recent years in Switzerland. Material and Methods: Based on the central registry of mountain emergencies of the Swiss Alpine Club (SAC), all cases in the period between 2009 and 2020 were analyzed for AMS including the most severe forms of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Emergencies were assessed for the severity of the event with a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score. Results: From a total of 4596 high-altitude mountaineering emergencies identified in the observational period, a total number of 352 cases of illnesses were detected. Detailed analysis revealed 85 cases of AMS, 5 cases of HAPE, and 1 case of HACE. The average altitude was 3845 ± 540 m. Most cases were in the canton of Valais, especially in the Monte Rosa region and the mountains of the Mischabel group (Täschhorn, Dom, Südlenz, Nadelhorn, Hohberghorn). There were only three deaths related to high-altitude illnesses; all the other events could be identified as moderate to severe but not life-threatening. Discussion: An emergency due to AMS that requires rescue is unlikely in the Swiss Alps. This does not imply that AMS is not a concern. However, the facts that the maximal altitude is relatively low and that fast self-descents often seem possible probably minimize the likelihood that mountaineers with symptoms contact emergency services.

Out-of-Hospital Emergencies in Children Under Palliative Home Care

Introduction: Specialized palliative home care (SPHC) enables children and adolescents with life-limiting illnesses and complex needs to receive care at home. In addition to controlling symptoms and stabilizing the psychosocial situation, crisis anticipation is a component of SPHC. Since the establishment of the reporting SPHC team, parents have called for additional help from emergency medical services (EMS) in emergency situations with unexpected frequency. Children with life limiting diseases could undergo invasive procedures and unhelpful treatments with uncertain consequences. The questions arose as to which factors led to the involvement of the EMS in a palliative situation, what therapy was performed and what outcome could be reached.Methods: Records of the pediatric SPHC patients and EMS call-outs in these children of the reporting SPHC-team in the central region of Hesse, Germany (population: 1.1 million) were retrospectively analyzed from 01.11.2014 to 01.05.2021. The causes of the call-outs, the existence of an emergency agreement, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score, EMS therapy and outcome were examined. Patient data included age, palliative-justifying diagnosis, duration and intensity of care, place of death and median overall survival (MOS) and palliative SHPC treatment.Results: In total, 172 patients were analyzed during the study period. There were 27 EMS calls for a total of 20 patients/families (= EMS group). Palliative illness or a complication was the most frequent cause of call-outs. The patients in the EMS group were significantly less likely to have a DNR order, required more home visits and telephone calls and were under SPHC care for longer. There was a significantly higher proportion of crisis interventions at home visits. The children in the EMS group died less often from the underlying disease. Of the remaining 152 patients (= non-EMS group), a significantly higher proportion had a European home country.Conclusions: Despite the introduction of the SPHC, parents still call the EMS. Good cooperation and joint training should be sought to prepare all those involved for future call-outs.

Incidence and challenges of helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) rescue missions with helicopter hoist operations: analysis of 11,228 daytime and nighttime missions in Switzerland

Objective We aimed to investigate the medical characteristics of helicopter hoist operations (HHO) in HEMS missions. Methods We designed a retrospective study evaluating all HHO and other human external cargo (HEC) missions performed by Swiss Air-Rescue (Rega) between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2019. Results During the study period, 9,963 (88.7 %) HEMS missions with HHO and HEC were conducted during the day, and 1,265 (11.3 %) at night. Of the victims with time-critical injuries (NACA ≥ 4), 21.1 % (n = 400) reached the hospital within 60 min during the day, and 9.1 % (n = 18) at night. Nighttime missions, a trauma diagnosis, intubation on-site, and NACA Score ≥ 4 were independently and highly significantly associated with longer mission times (p < 0.001). The greatest proportion of patients who needed hoist or HEC operations in the course of the HEMS mission during the daytime sustained moderate injuries (NACA 3, n = 3,731, 37.5 %) while practicing recreational activities (n = 5,492, 55.1 %). In daytime HHO missions, the most common medical interventions performed were insertion of a peripheral intravenous access (n = 3,857, 38.7 %) and administration of analgesia (n = 3,121, 31.3 %). Conclusions Nearly 20 % of patients who needed to be evacuated by a hoist were severely injured, and complex and lifesaving medical interventions were necessary before the HHO procedure. Therefore, only adequately trained and experienced medical crew members should accompany HHO missions.

Identification of new demands regarding prehospital care based on 35,188 missions in 2018

Background Population ageing and increased prevalence of chronic diseases result in the emergence of new demands in prehospital care. The prehospital system is facing an increase of cases without acute threat to life (so-called “non-urgent”), which generates tension due to a higher number of admissions to emergency departments and a greater use of prehospital resources. Our aim is to understand this transition in prehospital activities and to delineate the primary missions performed by paramedics in 2018 with a focus on the population concerned, the severity of cases encountered and the typology of health issues. Method The study is retrospective, and descriptive, using a statistical description of 35,188 primary missions realized in 2018 in the State of Vaud (Switzerland). The characteristics taken into consideration are the age and gender of patients, as well as the health issue, the severity of cases based on National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics score (NACA score), and the time and place of intervention. Results The results describe the primary missions in the State of Vaud in 2018 and show that 87% of missions concern “non-urgent” situations (without acute threat to life). Over half of patients are 65 or older, the highest proportion of health issues, 49%, are medical and only 23% of missions are for traumas. Mission related to mental health issues reach 7% and those for intoxication 6%. Most missions take place between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm (67%), and around 12% of missions lead to the non-transport of the patient. Conclusion The prehospital sector is confronted with a major transition in terms of patient care. An increase of non-urgent cases is observed, associated with the care of persons aged 65 or more. Our results question the adequacy between the needs in terms of prehospital care and the paramedic profession as it is currently defined, as well as the place of this profession within the health network. Reflecting upon the role of paramedics with respect to the socio-demographic evolution of populations appears necessary, to analyse the adequacy of the paramedics’ skills to respond to the current needs.

Incidence and Challenges of Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) Rescue Missions with Helicopter Hoist Operations: Analysis of 12,000 Daytime and Nighttime Missions in Switzerland

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the medical characteristics of helicopter hoist operations (HHO) in HEMS missions.MethodsWe designed a retrospective study evaluating all HHO and other human external cargo (HEC) missions performed by Swiss Air-Rescue (Rega) from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2019.ResultsDuring the study period, 9,963 (88.7%) HEMS missions with HHO and HEC were conducted during the day, and 1,265 (11.3%) at night. Of the victims with time-critical injuries (NACA ≥4), 21.1% (n=400) reached the hospital within 60 min during the day, and 9.1% (n=18) at night. Nighttime missions, a trauma diagnosis, intubation on-site, and NACA Score ≥4were independently and highly significantly associated with longer mission times (p<0.001). The greatest proportion of patients, who needed hoist or HEC operations in the course of the HEMS mission during daytime, sustained moderate injuries (NACA 3, n=3,731, 37.5%) while practicing recreational activities (n=5,492, 55.1%). In daytime HHO missions, the most common medical interventions performed were an insertion of a peripheral intravenous access (n=3,857, 38.7%) and administration of analgesia (n=3,121, 31.3%). ConclusionsNearly 20% of patients, who needed to be evacuated by a hoist, were severely injured, and complex and lifesaving medical interventions were necessary before the HHO procedure. Therefore, only adequately trained and experienced medical crew members should accompany HHO missions.

Bienen, Wespen, Schlangen – eine retrospektive Analyse von Unfällen mit Tieren beim Bergwandern in den Schweizer Alpen

Zusammenfassung. Bergwandern erfreut sich grosser Beliebtheit. Trotzdem sind mit dieser Sportart gewisse Gefahren verbunden, wozu auch Vorfälle mit Tieren gehören. Retrospektiv wurden alle Bergwandernotfälle (n = 10 185) der Beobachtungsperiode 2009–2018 anhand des Registers des Schweizer Alpen-Clubs (SAC) analysiert, darunter 104 Bergnotfälle mit Beteiligung von Tieren. Der durchschnittliche NACA-Score lag bei 3,2 ± 1,6 und über die Hälfte der Bergnotfälle wies einen NACA-Score >4 auf, was mit einem lebensbedrohlichen Zustand verbunden sein kann. Aufgeteilt nach Tierart waren bei mehr als der Hälfte Insekten beteiligt (Bienen, Wespen, Hummeln, Hornissen), gefolgt von (mit je knapp einem Viertel) Huftieren bzw. Schlangen. Drei Ereignisse führten zum Tod, wobei bei allen Huftiere (Mutterkuhherde, Pferd, Stier) ursächlich waren, weshalb es empfehlenswert ist, bei Weidepassagen Distanz zu diesen Tieren zu wahren.

Notfallmedizin in der Deutschen Gesellschaft zur Rettung Schiffbrüchiger – Auswertung medizinischer Notfälle auf der Nord- und Ostsee über 2 Jahre

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die logistischen Besonderheiten eines maritimen Notfallortes und die häufig zusätzlich drohende akzidentelle Hypothermie machen die Versorgung medizinischer Notfälle auf dem Meer besonders anspruchsvoll. In dieser Arbeit sollen die Charakteristika notfallmedizinischer Einsätze der Deutschen Gesellschaft zur Rettung Schiffbrüchiger (DGzRS) als Hauptträgerin der nichthelikopterbasierten medizinischen Seenotrettung auf den Meeren vor der deutschen Küste beschrieben werden. Material und Methoden Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Analyse aller Einsätze der DGzRS der Jahre 2017 und 2018. Die Einsatzdaten und –zeiten sowie die Erkrankungsschwere der Patienten (graduiert mittels NACA-Score) wurden ausgewertet und exemplarisch mit denen eines NEF der Hansestadt Lübeck verglichen. Ergebnisse Bei insgesamt 182 medizinischen Einsätzen wurden 224 Patienten behandelt. Die Einsatzeinheiten der DGzRS benötigten im Mittel 30 ± 21 min bis zur Ankunft und 43 ± 30 min für Rettung, Behandlung und Transport. Bei 63 Einsätzen wurden die Patienten durch einen Notarzt betreut, der bei 44 Einsätzen durch die Landrettung herangeführt wurde. Durch die Wartezeit auf bordfremdes Personal wurde bei 26 Einsätzen die Abfahrt um im Mittel 18 ± 7 min verzögert. Die durchschnittliche Erkrankungsschwere in der Seenotrettung war signifikant höher als im Lübecker Notarztdienst; es gab vergleichbar häufig Reanimationen und Todesfälle. Schlussfolgerung Trotz der hohen Krankheitsschwere medizinischer Notfälle auf den Meeren vor Deutschlands Küste treffen Notärzte dort häufig mit erheblicher Verzögerung ein. Es gibt den dringenden Bedarf effektiverer Unterstützung der DGzRS durch für den maritimen Einsatz ausgebildetes ärztliches Personal.

Pre-hospital care & interfacility transport of 385 COVID-19 emergency patients: an air ambulance perspective

Background COVID-19, the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, is challenging healthcare systems worldwide. Little is known about problems faced by emergency medical services—particularly helicopter services—caring for suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients. We aimed to describe the issues faced by air ambulance services in Europe as they transport potential COVID-19 patients. Methods Nine different HEMS providers in seven different countries across Europe were invited to share their experiences and to report their data regarding the care, transport, and safety measures in suspected or confirmed COVID-19 missions. Six air ambulance providers in six countries agreed and reported their data regarding development of special procedures and safety instructions in preparation for the COVID-19 pandemic. Four providers agreed to provide mission related data. Three hundred eighty-five COVID-19-related missions were analysed, including 119 primary transport missions and 266 interfacility transport missions. Results All providers had developed special procedures and safety instructions in preparation for COVID-19. Ground transport was the preferred mode of transport in primary missions, whereas air transport was preferred for interfacility transport. In some countries the transport of COVID-19 patients by regular air ambulance services was avoided. Patients in interfacility transport missions had a significantly higher median (range) NACA Score 4 (2-5) compared with 3 (1-7), needed significantly more medical interventions, were significantly younger (59.6 ± 16 vs 65 ± 21 years), and were significantly more often male (73% vs 60.5%). Conclusions All participating air ambulance providers were prepared for COVID-19. Safe care and transport of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients is achievable. Most patients on primary missions were transported by ground. These patients were less sick than interfacility transport patients, for whom air transport was the preferred method.