Vegetation structure, aboveground biomass, and carbon storage of wono¸ a local forest management in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, across three geomorphological zones

Tohirin, Suryanto P, Sadono R. 2021. Vegetation structure, aboveground biomass, and carbon storage of wono¸ local forest management in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, across three geomorphological zones. Biodiversitas 22: 3207-3218. Wono is local community-based forest management in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta. This land use has the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through their carbon sequestration capacity as well as to produce renewable energy sources through wood biomass for charcoal and wood pellet. Since Gunungkidul is unique in terms of geomorphological characteristics, study on the vegetation structure, biomass estimation, and carbon storage of wono across geomorphological zones are important. Therefore, this study describes the vegetation structure of wono in three geomorphological zones of Gunungkidul District, as well as estimates the aboveground living biomass (AGB) and aboveground living carbon storage (AGC). The quadratic sampling technique was used to collect data for vegetation analysis with the size of the plots were 20 m x 20 m, 10 m x 10 m, 5 m x 5 m, and 2 m x 2 m for trees, poles, saplings, and seedlings, respectively. A total of 32 plots were established, consisting of 18 plots in Nglanggeran Village, 12 plots in Dengok Village, and six plots in Girisekar Village, each village representing geomorphological zones of Batur Agung, Ledok Wonosari, and Pegunungan Seribu, respectively. The AGB was performed non-destructively and estimated using referenced allometric equations. Furthermore, the AGC was calculated using a conversion factor of 0.47 from the obtained AGB. The results showed that the identified species at wono in Batur Agung, Ledok Wonosari, and Pegunungan Seribu zones were 13, 7, and 8, respectively. Swietenia macrophylla had the highest important value index (IVI) of 185.22% in the Batur Agung zone, while Tectona grandis was the most important species in both the Ledok Wonosari and Pegunungan Seribu zones with IVI= 238.27% and 178.60%, respectively. The biodiversity in these three zones was very low in terms of species diversity (H' < 2) and species richness (R1 < 3.4). The estimated AGB and calculated AGC in the Batur Agung, Ledok Wonosari, and Pegunungan Seribu zones were 210.96 ton ha-1 and 99.15 ton C ha-1, 73.58 ton ha-1 and 34.58 ton C ha-1, and 57.92 ton ha-1 and 27.22 ton C ha-1, respectively.

Vegetation Composition of Savanna Ecosystem as a Habitat For The Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis) on Padar and Komodo Islands, Flores East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia

Tropical savanna and dry forest in Indonesia are an important type of ecosystem that supports various endemic wildlife of Indonesia including savannas at Padar and Komodo Islands which is home to the Komodo (Varanus komodoensis). The Komodo dragon is considered as “Vulnerable” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Studies with regards to the Komodo dragons’ habitats are scarce, considering that these types of habitats are significant to support Komodo’s existence, but yet are also very prone to conversion and disturbances. This paper elaborates the results of ecological study on the tropical savanna forest in Komodo National Park as habitat for the Komodo dragon. Vegetation sampling was conducted using nested plots 20 x 20 m, 10 x 10 m, 5 x 5 m and 2 x 2 m spread across the sampling sites. Data was analysed using PRIMER software which includes cluster analysis, analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) and similarity percentage (SIMPER). As many as 17 plant species which belongs to 11 families were identified in the sampling sites. These consist of six trees habitus, six shrubs, four grasses and one palm. Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae were the plant families which has high number of species. The result of cluster analysis shows that the similarity level of the two groups (Komodo and Padar) based on the results of cluster analysis is 60%. This result infers that there are similarities in terms of species composition in savanna on Komodo and Padar Island, however, each savanna still has its own species characteristics. This is confirmed by the ANOSIM test. The ANOSIM test results show the Global R value of 0.6.With the looming challenges from invasive alien plant species (IAPS), the Komodo Island’s savanna has double threats to overcome. Hence conservation of the remaining savanna ecosystem is important

Keberagaman Tumbuhan Obat pada Hutan Rawa Gambut Sebangau, Kalimantan Tengah

<p>Kalimantan Tengah memiliki keanekaragaman hutan rawa gambut yang berperan bagi gudang plasma nutfah khususnya tumbuhan obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status konservasi spesies tumbuhan obat, khususnya yang berhubungan dengan struktur dan komposisi serta keanekaragamannya. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode jalur berpetak, membuat 40 petak pengamatan berbagai tingkat pertumbuhan yang masing-masing berukuran 20 x 20 m,10 x 10 m, 5 x 5 m, dan 1 x 1 m dengan luas total 2,104 ha. Semua tumbuhan berbagai kelas diameter yang berada di dalam petak pengamatan dicatat, diukur, dan diidentifikasi. Kondisi vegetasi tumbuhan obat dicirikan oleh tingkat kerapatan pohon dengan rata-rata 93,140 batang/ha dan luas bidang dasar 10,606 m²/ha, tiang 622,50 batang/ha dan luas bidang dasar 17,1606 m²/ha, pancang 5450 batang/ha dan luas bidang dasar 41,712 m²/ha, serta semai tingkat kerapatan 6975 batang/ha. Dalam seluruh petak pengamatan terdapat 56 spesies tumbuhan obat termasuk dalam 48 marga dan 30 famili. Berdasarkan indeks nilai penting spesies, maka <em>Diospyros borneensis</em> Hiern, <em>Combretocarpus rotundus</em> Dans, merupakan spesies yang paling dominan, diikuti tingkat semai <em>Syzygium zeylanicum </em>(L.) DC. Nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman pada kisaran 1&lt; H'≤ 3. Terdapat enam spesies tumbuhan obat yang dilindungi berdasarkan PP. 7/1999, tiga spesies kedalam CITES dan 15 spesies termasuk dalam daftar IUCN.</p>

Heart-Rate Responses by Playing Position During Ball Drills in Basketball

The physiological load experienced during basketball drills is crucial to understand players’ adaptation to team-sport training and plan physical-conditioning programs.Purpose:To compare mean heart-rate (HRmean) responses by playing position during 2-a-side (2v2) and 3-a-side (3v3) ball drills in male junior basketball players and explore the relationship between HRmean and repeated-sprint ability (RSA).Methods:Thirtyone players volunteered to participate in this study. On separate occasions, they performed 2v2 and 3v3 ball drills and 6 repetitions of shuttle-run sprints of 20 m (10+10 m), departing every 20 s (RSA). Ball drills took place on the full length but only half the width of the court and were three 4-min bouts separated by 1-min rest periods. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) assessed the effect of the number of players on court (2v2 vs 3v3) and playing position (guards vs forwards vs centers) on HRmean, and a Pearson correlation coefficient evaluated the relation between HRmean and RSA.Results:The main results showed greater HRmean in 2v2 than in 3v3 ball drills (P < .001) in all playing positions (90.7% ± 1.3% vs 87.6% ± 3% of HRpeak in guards, 91.3% ± 2.1% vs 87.5% ± 3.7% of HRpeak for forwards, and 88.2% ± 3.5% vs 82.2% ± 5.6% of HRpeak in centers, respectively, for 2v2 and 3v3). In addition, centers were characterized by lower HRmean than guards and forwards in 3v3 only (P = .018).Conclusions:These results suggest that 2v2 drills should be preferred to 3v3 drills for aerobic conditioning, in particular for centers. Finally, RSA does not seem to influence players’ acute responses to ball drills.

Regeneración natural de nueve especies maderables en un bosque intervenido de la Amazonia Boliviana

Un aspecto fundamental del manejo forestal sostenible, es el mantenimiento de la regeneración natural en los bosques aprovechados. A corto y largo plazo, el aprovechamiento forestal tiene varias consecuencias, sobre la regeneración natural de las especies forestales. Esta investigación, compara la abundancia de la regeneración natural y la distribución espacial de plántulas de nueve especies maderables, entre un bosque aprovechado y un testigo. La abundancia y estructura espacial, fue determinada mediante 55 parcelas de muestreo anidadas (20 x 20 m, 10 x 10 m), estas fueron distribuidas en 180 hectáreas en cada condición de bosque evaluado. Dentro de las parcelas de 10 x 10 m, se registraron las categorías: plántula, brinzal y latizal. En las parcelas de 20 x 20, se midieron los árboles semilleros con DAP > 20 cm. En bosque aprovechado C. racemosa, T. altissima y A. lecointei mostraron mayor abundancia total. Según categorías de regeneración, la abundancia de P. corymbosum resultó mayor en bosque aprovechado; pero en las especies C. racemosa, T. altissima, D. odorata y C. micrantha fue mayor en el bosque testigo. La abundancia de A. lecointei, P. heterophylla y Virola sp. no difirió entre sitios. Espacialmente, solo A. lecointei y Virola sp mostraron patrones diferentes entre condiciones de bosque estudiados. Estos resultados, permiten concluir que el aprovechamiento forestal, no modifica significativamente la abundancia y estructura espacial de la regeneración de todas las especies forestales, por lo que, las intensidades de extracción moderada no comprometería el potencial de la regeneración natural en bosques manejados.

INFLUÊNCIA DO TAMANHO E FORMA DA UNIDADE AMOSTRAL SOBRE A ESTRUTURA DE DEPENDÊNCIA ESPACIAL EM QUATRO FORMAÇÕES FLORESTAIS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

O tamanho e forma da unidade amostral tem grande influência na percepção da autocorrelação espacial. Dessa forma, a escolha de uma escala adequada para o estudo de processos espaciais é extremamente importante, pois a dinâmica espacial pode ser considerada significante, insignificante ou inoperante a depender da escala utilizada ou, ainda, as relações entre as variáveis podem ser obscurecidas ou distorcidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar, por meio de técnicas geoestatísticas baseadas em modelos, a estrutura de continuidade espacial, analisando a influência do tamanho e forma das unidades amostrais. Para este estudo, quatro parcelas permanentes de 320 x 320 m foram divididas em grades utilizando parcelas quadradas de 5 x 5 m, 10 x 10 m e 20 x 20 m, e retangulares 10 x 20 m, 10 x 30 m, 10 x 40 m, 10 x 50 m e 5 x 80 m sendo determinadas a área basal e biomassa para cada parcela. É clara a influência do tamanho e forma da parcela sobre a percepção da estrutura de continuidade espacial. No entanto, as parcelas de formas retangulares de 10 x 40 m foram capazes de captar a variabilidade das formações e parcelas de 20 x 20 m descreveram melhor a estrutura espacial.Palavras-chave: Parcela permanente; formações florestais; geoestatística baseada em modelos; critério de informação de Akaike. AbstractInfluence of sample unit size and shape on spatial structure dependence in four forest formations in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The size and shape of sampling units have a large influence on the perception of spatial autocorrelation. Thus, the choice of an appropriate scale for the study of spatial processes is extremely important, because the spatial dynamics can be considered as significant, insignificant or irrelevant depending on the scale used, or the relationship between variables may be obscured or distorted. The aim of this work was to study the structure of spatial continuity, by model-based geostatistical,analyzing the influence of sample unit size and shape . For this study, four permanent plots of 320 x 320 m were divided into grids using square plots of 5 x 5 m, 10 x 10 m and 20 x 20 m, and rectangular plots of 10 x 20 m, 10 x 30 m, 10 x 40 m, 10 x 50 m and 5 x 80 m. Basal area and biomass were determined for each plot. The influence of size and shape of the plot on the perception of the structure of spatial continuity was clear. However, the rectangular plots of 10 x 40m were able to identify the variability of the forest, and the plots of 20 x 20m were the best to describe the structure of spatial continuity.Keywords:Permanent plot; forest formations; model-based geostatistics; Akaike information criterion.

On the lattice of congruences on an eventually regular semigroup

A natural equivalence θ on the lattice of congruences λ(S) of a semigroup S is studied. For any eventually regular semigroup S, it is shown that θ is a congruence, each θ-class is a complete sublattice of λ(S) and the maximum element in each θ-class is determined. 1980 Mathematics subject classification (Amer. Math. Soc.): 20 M 10.

A characterization of the semigroup of matrix units

Let I be a set and let (I) denote the set consisting of the 0 matrix over I × I and the matrix units over I × I. Then for x, z in (I) and x≠0≠z, xyz≠0 has precisely one solution y. This and several other statements are shown to be equivalent characterizations of (I) regarded as a semigroup with zero.1980 Mathematics subject classification (Amer. Math. Soc.): 20 M 10.

The 𝒥-classes of an inverse semigroup

It is shown, using the author's construction for ‘labelled semilattices’, that every partially ordered set, in which every two elements have a common lower bound, is isomorphic to the partiallyordered set of 𝒥-classes of some completely semi-simple inverse semigroup.1980 Mathematics subject classification (Amer. Math. Soc): primary 20 M 10, secondary 04 A 05, 08 A 05.