Towards a Parsimonious Pathway Model of Modifiable and Mediating Risk Factors Leading to Diabetes Risk

Modifiable risk factors are of interest for chronic disease prevention. Few studies have assessed the system of modifiable and mediating pathways leading to diabetes mellitus. We aimed to develop a pathway model for Diabetes Risk with modifiable Lifestyle Risk factors as the start point and Physiological Load as the mediator. As there are no standardised risk thresholds for lifestyle behaviour, we derived a weighted composite for Lifestyle Risk. Physiological Load was based on an index using clinical thresholds. Sociodemographics are non-modifiable risk factors and were specified as covariates. We used structural equation modeling to test the model, first using 2014/2015 data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey. Next, we fitted a smaller model with longitudinal data (2007/2008 to 2014/2015), given limited earlier data. Both models showed the indirect effects of Lifestyle Risk on Diabetes Risk via the mediator of Physiological Load, whereas the direct effect was only supported in the cross-sectional analysis. Specifying Lifestyle Risk as an observable, composite variable incorporates the cumulative effect of risk behaviour and differentiates this study from previous studies assessing it as a latent construct. The parsimonious model groups the multifarious risk factors and illustrates modifiable pathways that could be applied in chronic disease prevention efforts.

Analyzing the Mental States of the Sports Student Based on Augmentative Communication with Human-Computer Interaction

A system is proposed for mental condition assessment (MCA) system in adaptive testing complexes. The complexity involves the Emotiv Epoc+ neuroheadset with fourteen channels of the EEG digital network and the ECG-recorder for collecting signals for cardiac output (HRV). In various processing States, biochemical values were recorded in Ten healthy individuals: history (available remainder), TOVA-test (psychological stack), hypotension (physiological load), and after cutting. The somewhat reduced HRV continuum’s strength was observed to change dramatically, induced by a supremacy-segmental heartbeat regulatory effect. There is also observed a decline in the prefrontal cortical treatment techniques ([Formula: see text]-rhythmic activity). Simultaneously, unregulated motions increase the mean accelerometer interests’ magnitude to locate the head’s maximum steady location compared to the gravity matrix.

The Role of the Loading Condition in Predictions of Bone Adaptation in a Mouse Tibial Loading Model

The in vivo mouse tibial loading model is used to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical loading treatment against skeletal diseases. Although studies have correlated bone adaptation with the induced mechanical stimulus, predictions of bone remodeling remained poor, and the interaction between external and physiological loading in engendering bone changes have not been determined. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of passive mechanical loading on the strain distribution in the mouse tibia and its predictions of bone adaptation. Longitudinal micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging was performed over 2 weeks of cyclic loading from weeks 18 to 22 of age, to quantify the shape change, remodeling, and changes in densitometric properties. Micro-CT based finite element analysis coupled with an optimization algorithm for bone remodeling was used to predict bone adaptation under physiological loads, nominal 12N axial load and combined nominal 12N axial load superimposed to the physiological load. The results showed that despite large differences in the strain energy density magnitudes and distributions across the tibial length, the overall accuracy of the model and the spatial match were similar for all evaluated loading conditions. Predictions of densitometric properties were most similar to the experimental data for combined loading, followed closely by physiological loading conditions, despite no significant difference between these two predicted groups. However, all predicted densitometric properties were significantly different for the 12N and the combined loading conditions. The results suggest that computational modeling of bone’s adaptive response to passive mechanical loading should include the contribution of daily physiological load.

Towards a Parsimonious Pathway Model of Modifiable and Mediating Risk Factors Leading to Diabetes Risk

Background: The development of diabetes mellitus has been closely linked to multiple risk factors, of which modifiable factors are of particular interest for disease prevention. Yet few studies have assessed the system of pathways though which risk factors lead to diabetes, and how the different groups of risk factors may interact,both as independent or mediating factors. Methods: We aimed to develop a broad pathway model for diabetes risk with modifiable lifestyle risk factors as the start point, hypothesising that Lifestyle Risk (physical inactivity, smoking, poor diet and insufficient sleep) would impact Diabetes Risk (HbA1c) through the mediating factor of Physiological Load (BMI, resting pulse rate, CRP, systolic and diastolic blood pressure). The lifestyle and physiological factors were grouped via principal components analysis and a summary index respectively. Non modifiable risk factors, such as sociodemographics were specified as covariates. We used structural equation modeling to test this model, first using Wave 5 data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), as this was the only wave that collected all indicators of interest. To fit in longitudinal data from an earlier wave (IFLS4), we further tested a smaller model with the two Lifestyle Risk indicators available. Results: Both models showed indirect effects of Lifestyle Risk on Diabetes Risk via Physiological Load, with the cross-sectional model also showing a direct effect. The effect sizes were within the range of other studies that assessed the variables separately. Conclusion: Taken together, the results support the model of an indirect effect of Lifestyle Risk on Diabetes through Physiological Load. Specifying Lifestyle Risk as an observable, composite variable incorporates the cumulative effect of risk behaviour and differentiates this study from previous studies assessing it as a latent construct. We were able to assess causality with retrospective cohort data. Finally, the parsimonious model groups and summarises the multifarious risk factors and illustrates parsimonious and modifiable pathways that could be applied in chronic disease prevention efforts.

Theoretical Basis of Technical-tactical Behavior and its Application in Ultimate Full Contact Training

Background: Technical-tactical training has been shown to be relevant to performance in a competition. In this regard, several studies have analysed the efficiency of technical-tactical dynamics in combat sports. However, these researchers have mainly focused on technical efficiency, and therefore more research is needed regarding tactical efficiency. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there are no published experiential studies on Ultimate Full Contact. Objective: This brief review will analyse the theoretical basis of technical-tactical behaviour for training application in Ultimate Full Contact, characterising the modality under cognitive and dynamic-ecological approaches. This knowledge can be transferred and applied to similar modalities, such as Pankration, Free Fight, Shooto, and Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). Conclusion: The theoretical technical-tactical knowledge created through competition is essential because it is the only way that improvement in the training process can occur. Ultimate Full Contact is characterised as a combat sport of special complexity and intermitent intensity, where the technical-tactical factors are decisive for the performance while the physical component can be a conditioning factor. A careful regulation between technical-tactical training load and physiological load is essential to obtain adjustable adaptations. Both cognitive and dynamic-ecological approaches should be considered based on the respective training models.

Finite Element Analysis and in Vitro Biomechanical Experiment on the Effect of Unilateral Partial Facetectomy Performed by Percutaneous Endoscopy on the Stability of Lumbar Spine

Purpose: To investigate the lumbar biomechanical effects of unilateral partial facetectomy (UPF) of different facet joint (FJ) portions under percutaneous endoscopy. Methods: A 3D finite element (FE) model of the lumbar spine and 40 fresh calf spine models were used to simulate UPF under a physiological load performed through 3 commonly used needle insertion points (IPs) : (1) The apex of the superior FJ (as the first IP), (2) The midpoint of the ventral side of the superior FJ (as the second IP), (3) The lowest point of the ventral side of the superior FJ (as the third IP). The range of motion (ROM) and the L4/5 intradiscal maximum pressure (IMP) were measured and analyzed under a physiological load in all models during flexion, extension, left-right lateral flexion, and left-right axial rotation. Results: When UPF was performed through the first and the third IPs, the ROM of the lumbar spine and the L4/5 IMP in the FE model were significantly increased compared with those in the intact FE model. When UPF was performed through the second IP, the ROM of the lumbar spine and the L4/5 IMP were not significantly different compared with those in the intact FE model. When UPF was performed through the second IP, the ROM of the lumbar spine and the L4/5 IMP in the calf spine models were not statistically different from the intact calf spine model. Conclusion: UPF through the second IP resulted in a minimal impact on the biomechanics of the lumbar spine. Thus, it might be considered as the most appropriate IP for UPF.