Using cultural consensus analysis to measure diversity in social-ecological knowledge for inclusive climate adaptation planning

Climate adaptation is context specific and inclusion of diverse forms of knowledge is crucial for developing resilient social-ecological systems. Emphasis on local inclusion is increasing, yet participatory approaches often fall short of facilitating meaningful engagement of diverse forms of knowledge. A central challenge is the lack of a comprehensive and comparative understanding of the social-ecological knowledge that various stakeholders use to inform adaptation decisions. We employed cultural consensus analysis to quantitatively measure and compare social-ecological knowledge within and across three stakeholder groups - government employees, researchers, and local residents in rural coastal Maryland. The results show that 1) local residents placed more emphasis on addressing socio-economic and cultural changes than researchers and government employees, and 2) that the greatest variation in social-ecological knowledge was found among local residents. These insights yielded by cultural consensus analysis are beneficial for facilitating more inclusive adaptation planning for resilient social-ecological systems.

Marine Meteorological forecasts for Coastal Ocean Users – Perceptions, Usability and Uptake

The present study aims to address a proposed disconnect between science and the public. In this case, marine meteorological (metocean) information and the users of these data. Here, the focus is not only on the perceptions, usability and uptake of extreme event forecasts but rather focused on general, everyday situations. The research was conducted by means of a survey, designed around four research questions. Each question was then populated with propositions that were the guideline for the questionnaire. The research questions covered topics ranging from forecasting tool ergonomics, accuracy and consistency, usability, institutional reputation and uncertainties related to Climate Change (to name but a few). The survey was conducted in two southern hemisphere countries, South Africa and New Zealand. The online questionnaire was widely distributed to include both recreational and commercial users. Cultural Consensus Analysis (CCA) was used to investigate knowledge-based agreements within the total group of respondents as well as sectoral and community subgroups. The existence of subgroups within the communities (e.g. recreational and commercial) was also established. The general shared knowledge results are discussed together with user group demographic statistics. A comprehensive summery of all four research questions, with all the resulting propositions are also provide. The percentage of each subgroup’s agreement with the knowledge-based score (CCA model derived) is also provided with the beforementioned. Finally, a conceptual diagram is proposed to highlight the important interplay between forecast product co-development and scientific accuracy/consistency.

Risks Without Borders: A Cultural Consensus Model of Risks to Sustainability in Rapidly Changing Social–Ecological Systems

Global sustainability goals cannot realistically be achieved without strategies that build on multiscale definitions of risks to wellbeing. Particularly in geographic contexts experiencing rapid and complex social and environmental changes, there is a growing need to empower communities to realize self-identified adaptation goals that address self-identified risks. Meeting this demand requires tools that can help assess shared understandings about the needs for, and barriers to, positive change. This study explores consensus about risks and uncertainties in adjacent boroughs grappling with rapid social–ecological transformations in northern Alaska. The Northwest Arctic and North Slope boroughs, like the rest of the Arctic, are coping with a climate that is warming twice as fast as in other regions. The boroughs are predominantly inhabited by Iñupiat people, for whom the region is ancestral grounds, whose livelihoods are still supported by subsistence activities, and whose traditional tribal governance has been weakened through multiple levels of governing bodies and institutions. Drawing on extensive workshop discussions and survey experiments conducted with residents of the two boroughs, we developed a model of the northern Alaska region’s social–ecological system and its drivers of change. Using cultural consensus analysis, we gauged the extent of consensus across the boroughs about what key risks threaten the sustainability of their communities. Though both boroughs occupy vast swaths of land, each with their own resource, leadership, and management challenges, we found strong consensus around how risks that impact the sustainability of communities are evaluated and prioritized. Our results further confirmed that rapid and complex changes are creating high levels of uncertainties for community planners in both boroughs. We discuss the mobilizing potential of risk consensus toward collective adaptation action in the civic process of policy making. We note the contribution of cultural consensus analysis as a tool for cross-scale learning in areas coping with rapid environmental changes and complex social challenges.

Using paired cultural modelling and cultural consensus analysis to maximize programme suitability in local contexts

Cultural consensus analysis (CCA) is a quantitative method for determining cohesion in a specified cultural domain and cultural modelling (CM) is a method for designing and testing connections within a cultural domain based on qualitative data collection. After a description of the methods, and examples of their application, we provide a description of three main points in the programme planning, implementation and evaluation cycle at which the method can best be utilized to plan, contextualize or evaluate programmes and policies. In addition, the use of CCA and CM is not constrained to one point in time though, in order to maximize its ability to help with programme design or evaluation, it ought to be done as early as possible in the process. Through examples from research, and a broader description of the methods of CM and analysis, we provide another tool for global public health practitioners, planners and policymakers. We argue these tools can be used to great effect in a short period of time to maximize the local suitability, acceptability and quality of proposed and implemented interventions, building on existing local strengths, not just in maternal health but, more broadly.

Using local ecological knowledge to inform fisheries assessment: measuring agreement among Polish fishermen about the abundance and condition of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua)

Although fisheries managers often attempt to incorporate stakeholders’ views into development of policy options, integration of fishermen’s local ecological knowledge into biological assessments remains uncommon. Using the case of the eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) resource, this article documented local ecological knowledge about a managed fishery stock. In 2012 and 2013, local media reported that fishermen were observing increased occurrences of cod with poor body condition (“skinny” cod) in their catches from waters off Poland. Polish cod fishermen were interviewed (n = 31) to quantify the strength of their agreement about the abundance and body condition of cod. Agreement among fishermen was assessed about trends in abundance and occurrence of “skinny” cod, as well as the mechanisms explaining those patterns. Cultural consensus analysis showed strong agreement among Polish fishermen that “skinny” cod may be attributed to overfishing on sprat, a key prey species. Fishermen and scientists observed similar declines in the abundance and condition of cod along the Polish coastline; however, they may perceive causes of those changes differently. Generalized additive models were used to show that trends in fishermen’s observations of abundance and “skinny” cod occurrence may be partially explained by variation in temperature, salinity, and sprat abundance.

AnthroTools

As large-scale collaborative, cross-cultural ethnographic research becomes easier and easier to realize, certain ethnographic methods and analyses should be correspondingly more available, inviting, and accommodating. We have therefore created AnthroTools, a package for the free, open-source language R, with a variety of tools and functions suitable for both multi-factor free-list analysis and Bayesian cultural consensus modeling. Free-list data elicitation is a simple technique for ethnographic research. However, especially for cross-cultural free-list data, background preparation is considerable and often requires specific software. In addition, although current cultural consensus analysis tools offer very sophisticated analyses, they also either require specialized software or have computationally taxing methods. AnthroTools expedites these techniques, rapidly performs diagnostics, and prepares data for further analysis. In this article, we briefly discuss what this package offers cross-cultural researchers and provide basic examples of some of its functions.