Reaching Higher? Horizontal Stratification in the Educational Careers of Immigrant Descendants

Educational expansion raises the influence of sorting across fields of study for children’s future life chances. Yet, we have little knowledge about horizontal stratification in the educational careers of children of immigrant parents, who often are positively selected on education relative to non-migrants in their origin country despite having comparatively low levels of absolute schooling. This paper examines the educational careers of immigrant descendants relative to majority children using Norwegian administrative data. We find that most immigrant descendants of non-Western origin experience substantial ethnic disadvantages in early school grades and have a lower likelihood of completing upper secondary education. However, they also have a higher probability of entering higher education, and they select more prestigious and better-paying fields of study. The ethnic penalty in school grades and upper secondary school completion disappears when adjusting for parental years of education, likely because immigrant parents are positively selected from their origin country. However, parental selectivity provides little insight into immigrant children’s high ambitions later in their educational careers. Overall, our findings reveal a complex pattern where immigrant descendants overcome early disadvantages at school by making increasingly ambitious choices as they progress through the educational system.

Distribution and diversity of mosquitoes and Oropouche-like virus infection rates in an Amazonian rural settlement

Mosquito diversity and disease transmission are influenced by landscape modifications, i.e., vectors and pathogens previously found only in forests are now found close to human environments due to anthropic changes. This study determined the diversity and distribution of mosquitoes in forest environments in order to analyze the potential vectors of Amazonian forest arboviruses. Mosquitoes were collected by 1) vertical stratification from forest canopy and ground areas using Hooper Pugedo (HP) light traps and human attraction and 2) horizontal stratification using HP light traps in peridomicile, forest edge, and forest environments near the Rio Pardo rural settlement, Amazonas, Brazil. A total of 3,750 mosquitoes were collected, representing 46 species. 3,139 individuals representing 46 species were sampled by vertical stratification. Both the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H’) and equitability (J’) were higher in the canopy than on the ground. 611 individuals representing 13 species were sampled by horizontal stratification. H’ decreased in the following order: forest edge > forest > peridomicile, and J’ was greater at the forest edge and smaller in the peridomicile environment. Moreover, H’ was higher for the human attraction collection method than the HP traps. A total of 671 pools were analyzed by RT-qPCR; three species were positive for Oropouche-like viruses (Ochlerotatus serratus, Psorophora cingulata, and Haemagogus tropicalis) and the minimum infection rate was 0.8%. The composition of mosquito species did not differ significantly between anthropic and forest environments in Rio Pardo. Some mosquito species, due to their abundance, dispersion in the three environments, and record of natural infection, were hypothesized to participate in the arbovirus transmission cycle in this Amazonian rural settlement.

Deformations of the deep layers earth’s crust of the East-European platform

The article deals with the internal deep structure of the earth's crust of the East European platform and the surface of the mantle lithosphere. The presented charts of the three main layers of the earth's crust — the lower, middle and upper and the surface of the mantle lithosphere — for the first time identified deformation by changing the thickness of the layers. Deformations are compared on all layers that allowed to allot the active center, the main (through) and local (developed in separate layers) areas. The boundaries of these regions are active zones of different ranks. The observed end-to-end development of strain from layer to layer or expression of some of them only in separate layers indicates on the sub-horizontal stratification and vertical divisibility of the earth's crust. Deformations of the deep layers are compared with the latest near-surface platform structures. This made it possible to establish a connection of near-surface deformations with deep ones and to consider the latter as the latest. These studies are relevant for solving fundamental problems of the origin of new structures and a number of practical problems.

Nature of Elsässer Variables in the slow solar wind turbulence

<p>Elsässer Variables z± are widely considered as outward and inward propagating Alfvén waves in the solar wind turbulence study. It is believed that they can interact nonlinearly with each other to generate energy cascade. However, z− variations sometimes show a feature of convective structures or a combination of white noise and pseudo-structures. Here we present the amplitude of z± in σc (normalized cross helicity) - σr (normalized residual energy) plane in order to get some information on the nature of z±. Measurements from the WIND spacecraft in the slow solar wind during 2007-2009 are used for analysis. In each interval with length of 20 min, we calculate σc, σr, and consider the variance of z± as the amplitude of them for the given interval. We find that in the σc-σr plane, the level contours of the average z- amplitude present a feature of nearly horizontal stratification, which means that the amplitude of z- is independent of the value of σc, and is just related to σr. The horizontal-stratification feature suggests that z- could be convective structures. While the level contours of the average amplitude of z+ are approximately concentric semicircles, and the circle with larger radius corresponds to larger z+ amplitude. It indicates that z+ represents Alfvén waves. The nature of z± in the slow wind here will help us to understand more about the cascade process in the solar wind turbulence.</p>

Higher Education Students’ Mental Health Problems: Results from the Norwegian SHOT study

Highly educated people have better health than those without education. The number of young adults pursuing higher education is increasing; In 2015 almost half the Norwegian adult population had completed higher education (1). Studies have investigated horizontal stratification (i.e. differentiation within higher education) effects on labor market outcomes, but few have studied health returns from education (2). Data stem from a recent national student health survey from 2018 for higher education in Norway (the SHoT2018-study; N = 50 054, response rate = 30.8%). We examined the associations between level of ongoing education (One-year program, Bachelor, Master, longer professional education) and mental health problems measured with Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (HSCL-25; 3. There was a pattern of decreasing symptoms of mental health problems with level of study program, F (5,49782) = 103,34, p < .001. The results formed a monotonic relationship; each level of increased education was associated with significantly less mental health problems. There was no difference between the Masters and professional programs. We found evidence of horizontal stratification of mental health problems in this large sample of Norwegian college and university students. The observed association may have three explanations; causality may run from schooling to health (4), it may run from health to schooling (5), or both may be determined third factors. Further studies should investigate mechanisms such as stigma and social status in relation to the observed associations (6,7). 1 OECD. (OECD Publishing, 2015), 2 Conti, G. et al. Am. Econ. Rev. 100, 234-238 (2010), 3 Derogatis, L. et al. Behavioral science 19, 1-15 (1974), 4 Grossman, Michael et al. in Handbook of the Economics of Education (eds. Eric A Hanushek & F. Welch) 1, (Elsevier, 2006), 5 Currie, J. J Econ Lit 47, 87-122 (2009), 6 Marmot, M. (Bloomsbury, 2004), 7 Hagquist, C. E. I. Eur J Public Health 17, 21-26 (2007) Key messages Increasing numbers of young adults pursue higher education, it is therefore important to investigate educational inequalities within higher education. College students pursuing higher education (masters or professional programs) have fewer mental health problems relative to college students enrolled in higher education, but at lower levels.

Miocene quartz sands redeposited on subaqueous and alluvial fans during the Saalian: Interpretation of the depositional scenario at Ujście, western Poland

The 14-m-thick sandy succession at Ujście in western Poland formed during the Odranian stadial of the Saalian glaciation, is exceptional in being very well sorted, almost mono-fractional (fine-grained sands) and mono-mineral (mainly quartz grains) and in lacking Scandinavian erratics. The lower sequence (5 metres in thickness) consists of three stacked packages of clinoforms (inclined cross-stratified sands) and is interpreted as having been deposited on a subaqueous fan in a shallow lake during two phases of rising water levels. The upper sand (9 metres in thickness) with (sub) horizontal stratification was redeposited on a subaerial alluvial fan. Distinctive distributary channels that occur in the uppermost part of the subaqueous fan and in the lowermost portion of the alluvial fan may indicate a change in sedimentation style from subaqueous to subaerial. Moreover, the subaerial position of the fan supports the presence of ice-wedge casts that developed under periglacial conditions in the upper part of alluvial fan. The results of granulo-metric analysis, rounding and frosting of grains and mineral analysis indicate that the sands are derived from Gorzów Formation of Early Miocene age. The only feasible explanation is that the 14-m-thick unit must have been redeposited during the Saalian glaciation.