Cascade process mediated by left hippocampus and left superior frontal gyrus affects relationship between aging and cognitive dysfunction

Background Cognitive function declines with age and has been shown to be associated with atrophy in some brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex. However, the details of the relationship between aging and cognitive dysfunction are not well understood. Methods Across a wide range of ages (24- to 85-years-old), this research measured the gray matter volume of structural magnetic resonance imaging data in 39 participants, while some brain regions were set as mediator variables to assess the cascade process between aging and cognitive dysfunction in a path analysis. Results Path analysis showed that age affected the left hippocampus, thereby directly affecting the left superior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, the gyrus directly affected higher order flexibility and maintenance abilities calculated as in the Wisconsin card sorting test, and the two abilities affected the assessment of general cognitive function. Conclusion Our finding suggests that a cascade process mediated by the left hippocampus and left superior frontal gyrus is involved in the relationship between aging and cognitive dysfunction.

Investigations of Sizes and Dynamical Motions of Solar Photospheric Granules by a Novel Granular Segmenting Algorithm

Granules observed in the solar photosphere are believed to be convective and turbulent, but the physical picture of the granular dynamical process remains unclear. Here we performed an investigation of granular dynamical motions of full length scales based on data obtained by the 1 m New Vacuum Solar Telescope and the 1.6 m Goode Solar Telescope. We developed a new granule segmenting method, which can detect both small faint and large bright granules. A large number of granules were detected, and two critical sizes, 265 and 1420 km, were found to separate the granules into three length ranges. The granules with sizes above 1420 km follow Gaussian distribution, and demonstrate flat in flatness function, which shows that they are non-intermittent and thus are dominated by convective motions. Small granules with sizes between 265 and 1420 km are fitted by a combination of power-law function and Gauss function, and exhibit nonlinearity in flatness function, which reveals that they are in the mixing motions of convection and turbulence. Mini granules with sizes below 265 km follow the power-law distribution and demonstrate linearity in flatness function, indicating that they are intermittent and strongly turbulent. These results suggest that a cascade process occurs: large granules break down due to convective instability, which transports energy into small ones; then turbulence is induced and grows, which competes with convection and further causes the small granules to continuously split. Eventually, the motions in even smaller scales enter in a turbulence-dominated regime.

Detection of fake shallots using website-based haar-like features algorithm

Shallots is commonly used as essential cooking spices or complement seasoning. The high market demand for this commodity has triggered some people to counterfeit it. They mix the shallots with defective products of onions to get more benefits. It urges to provide a system that can help people to distinguish whether the shallot is original or fake. This research aims to provides an object recognition system for fake shallots utilizing the Haar-Like Feature algorithm. It used the cascade training data set of 59 positive images and 150 negative images with 50 comparison images. The identification process of the shallots was through the haar-cascade process, integrated image, adaptive boosting, cascade classifier, and local binary pattern histogram. This system was made based on the Django website using the python programming language. The test was conducted 30 times on Brebes shallots mixed with Mumbai's mini onions in a single and mixture test method. The test obtained an average percentage of 69.2% for the object recognition of Mumbai's mini onions.

Gold(I)-Catalyzed Tandem Synthesis of Polycyclic Dihydroquinazolinones

A gold-catalyzed cascade process for the synthesis of dihydroquinazolinone scaffolds was developed. A series of gold catalysts were screened for this tandem transformation, and the (PPh3)AuCl/AgOTf catalyst combination was found to be the best catalyst system. This method is characterized by good yields, high regioselectivity, and broad substrate scope. This method is also applicable to the synthesis of tetracyclic dihydroquinazolinones and seven-membered ring-fused dihydroquinazolinones.

A One-Pot Six-Component Reaction for the Synthesis of 1,5-Disubstituted Tetrazol-1,2,3-triazole Hybrids and Their Cytotoxic Activity against the MCF-7 Cell Line

A high-order multicomponent reaction involving a six-component reaction to obtain the novel linked 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids in low to moderate yield is described. This one-pot reaction is carried out under a cascade process consisting of three sequential reactions: Ugi-azide, bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2), and copper-catalyzed alkyne–azide reaction (CuAAC), with high atom and step-economy due the formation of six new bonds (one C-C, four C-N, and one N-N). Thus, the protocol developed offers operational simplicity, mild reaction conditions, and structural diversity. Finally, to evaluate the antitumoral potential of the synthetized molecules, a proliferation study was performed in the breast cancer (BC) derived cell line MCF-7. The hybrid compounds showed several degrees of cell proliferation inhibition with a remarkable effect in those compounds with cyclohexane and halogens in their structures. These compounds represent potential drug candidates for breast cancer treatment. However, additionally assays are needed to elucidate their complete effect over the cellular hallmarks of cancer.

Cascade process mediated by left hippocampus and left superior frontal gyrus affects relationship between aging and cognitive dysfunction

Background: Cognitive function declines with age and has been shown to be associated with atrophy in some brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex. However, the details of the relationship between aging and cognitive dysfunction are not well understood.Methods: Across a wide range of ages (24- to 85-years-old), this research measured the gray matter volume of structural magnetic resonance imaging data in 39 participants, while some brain regions were set as mediator variables to assess the cascade process between aging and cognitive dysfunction in a path analysis.Results: Path analysis showed that age affected the left hippocampus, thereby directly affecting the left superior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, the gyrus directly affected higher order flexibility and maintenance abilities calculated as assessed in the Wisconsin card sorting test, and the two abilities affected an assessment of general cognitive function. Conclusion: Our finding suggests that a cascade process mediated by the left hippocampus and left superior frontal gyrus is involved in the relationship between aging and cognitive dysfunction.

The small-world network of global protests

Protest diffusion is a cascade process that can spread over different regions of the planet. The way and the extension that this phenomenon can occur is still not properly understood. Here, we empirically investigate this question using protest data from GDELT and ICEWS, two of the most extensive and longest-running data sets freely available. We divide the globe into grid cells and construct a temporal network for each data set where nodes represent cells and links are established between nodes if their protest events co-occur. We show that the temporal networks are small-world, indicating that the cells are directly linked or separated by a few steps on average. Furthermore, the average path lengths are decreasing through the years, which suggests that the world is becoming “smaller”. The persistent temporal hubs present in both data sets indicate that protests can spread faster through the hubs. This topological feature is consistent with the hypothesis that protests can quickly diffuse from one region to any other part of the globe.

Scale-similar structures of homogeneous isotropic non-mirror-symmetric turbulence based on the Lagrangian closure theory

We investigate the effect of helicity on the scale-similar structures of homogeneous isotropic and non-mirror-symmetric turbulence based on the Lagrangian renormalised approximation (LRA), which is a self-consistent closure theory proposed by Kaneda (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 107, 1981, pp. 131–145). In this study, we focus on the time scale representing the scale-similar range. For the LRA, the Lagrangian two-time velocity correlation and response function determine the representative time scale. The LRA predicts that both the Lagrangian two-time velocity correlation and response function equation do not explicitly depend on helicity. We assume the extended scale-similar spectra and time scale by considering the helicity dissipation rate. Considering the small-scale structures, the requirements for the energy and helicity fluxes and response function equation to be scale similar, yield the conventional inertial-range power laws and provide the energy and helicity spectra $\propto k^{-5/3}$ and the time scale $\propto \varepsilon ^{-1/3} k^{-2/3}$ , where $\varepsilon$ and $k$ denote the energy dissipation rate and wavenumber, respectively. Notably, energy flux can be scale similar only when $k^H /k \ll 1$ , where $k^H = \varepsilon ^H/\varepsilon$ and $\varepsilon ^H$ denotes the helicity dissipation rate. This condition makes the energy cascade process in the scale-similar range completely independent of helicity. We also investigate the localness of the interscale interaction in the energy and helicity cascades for the LRA. We demonstrate that the helicity cascade is slightly non-local in scales compared with the energy cascade. This study provides a foundation on the modelling of non-mirror-symmetric turbulent flows.