Investigation of Cutting Forces for Thin Layers when Planing and Milling

The problem of machining structural elements with removal of metal layers with thickness less than 0.01 mm by carbide tools, when the conditional radius of the blade rounding is less than or equal to the thickness of the cut layer, is considered. These cutting conditions can be considered constricted which requires research into cutting forces and chip shape. The problem of recording and measuring small cutting forces arising during blade machining of small grooves that serve for gas drainage in the manufacture of rubber products is solved. To measure forces, a lever fixed in a universal dynamometer, which has a supporting support with small friction, is used. Value of force moment measured with dynamometer can be used for optimization of cutting conditions, selection of tool geometry when processing small relief elements. Dependences of lever system cutting forces and displacements on the use of lubricant-cooling liquids, values of front angles during planing and milling with small-size tools are investigated. Experimental discrepancies between theoretical calculations of cutting forces according to classical and modern reference data and fixed results with the use of cutting liquids during cutting with small values of feed for carbide tools are found

Features of the flora and vegetation of the Pyatigorye’s upland steppes (ecoregion of the Caucasian Mineral Waters)

The article deals with the issues of localization and landscape preference of Pyatigorye’s phytocenoses ofthe upland steppes. The syntaxonomic composition of the steppe communities on the studied territory, as well as the typesof the floristic core, are indicated. It consists of graminoids, mesothermal perennials of long vegetation, caudex herbs ofan ephemeroid type of development, and bulbous geophytes. The features of communities, the reasons for their spatialdifferentiation are revealed. The distribution of species by relief elements and communities was determined expertlyon the basis of field studies (2018–2021). It was concluded that the main factors determining the diversity of uplandsteppe vegetation in the studied region are the nature of the destruction of the parent rock and soil development, the levelof insolation and ecotope moisture. The steppe communities of Pyatigorye on carbonate underdeveloped thin skeletalchernozems are distinguished by their species richness. In most of them, Stipa pulcherrima plays a high phytocenotic role,as well as other sod and dense bush grasses. Species of the “southern” steppe and Caucasian forbs, incl. petrophytes playsignificant role. The communities include rare species in the region: Astragalus brachycarpus, Dictamnus gymnostylis,Leopoldia tenuiflora, Paeonia tenuifolia, Iris pumila, I. aphylla, Orchis tridentata, Asphodeline taurica, Lamyra echinocephala,Linum tauricum, Onosma caucasica, Cerasus incana, Cephalaria coriacea. The studied representative communities areimportant for the conservation of the biological diversity of the region. Habitats of rare species are of scientific importanceand are of nature conservation interest.

Geomorphological description of the biome Pampa (Brazil) with support of digital elevation model and geographic information system

In Brazil, the Pampa Biome is restricted to the far south in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, where it occupies an area of 176,496 km², which corresponds to 63% of the territory state and 2.07% of the Brazilian territory. The biome is characterized by the predominance of native fields with the presence of riparian forests, hillside forests, dwarf-palms fields, xerophyte bushes, wetlands, rocky outcrops, etc. Geomorphologically the landscape of the biome is very varied due to the lithological and structural conditions that interacted in the performance of surface processes. The landscapes consists of plains areas associated with Quaternary deposits; undulating reliefs associated with the sedimentary Basins, which consists of a volcano-sedimentary sequence by rocks formed in different depositional environments of the Paraná Basin and by rocks that represent a Plateau Volcanism and; a dissected plateau relief associated with the Precambrian crystalline basement. This paper describes quantitatively the relief through equations using Geographic Information Systems and the representation of the earth surface in the form of numerical digital models. Digital processing as well as the database were organized and managed by GIS, ArcGIS 10.3®, with spatial analysis and three-dimensional analysis tools. For each of the large geomorphological compartments that make up the Biome, a description of the landforms, and landforms elements were established and mapped. Relief shapes are described by the amplitude and slope of the terrain defined in flat areas, slightly undulations hills, undulating hills and large hills and buttes. For the determination of the relief elements the difference of topographic height, distance and the direction angle of the neighboring points in relation to the central cell (zenith and nadir angles) was used, through online application, available in the website << http://sil.uc.edu/geom/app >>. The relief elements determined are the flat, peak, ridge, shouder, spur, slope, hollow, footslope, valley, pit. The grouping of landforms and landform elements allowed the distinction of predominant morphological patterns for each geomorphological compartment in the Pampa Biome.

Identificação e Classificação do relevo do município de São Martinho da Serra – RS

The relief is one of the main definers of the environmental units, so that its compartmentalization is closely related to the distribution of the other attributes of landscape genesis. The objective of this study is to establish a division of the relief of the municipality of São Martinho da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul. Cartographic bases in digital format associated with the Geographic Information System were used, through automated methods and with the integration of morphometric variables. For the definition of the relief forms, the combined analysis of the morphometric attributes amplitude and slope was considered, identifying flat areas, gentle hills of altitude, rolling hills, association of hills with large hills and buttes and isolated buttes. The relief elements were obtained through the automatic technique that consists of the analysis of the gray level of a central cell and its neighbors, determining topographic differences. The identified elements are flat, peak, ridge, shoulder, spur, slope, hollow, footslope, valley and pit. For the classification of the forms of the slopes, the profile and plane of curvature of the slopes were used, defining 4 geomorphometric units defined as Unit I convex-convergent, Unit II concave-convergent, Unit III convex-divergent and Unit IV concave-divergent. In general, the methodology used obtained satisfactory results, allowing a quick and consistent analysis of the relief of the municipality.

The Geodiversity of Brazil: quantification, distribution, and implications for conservation areas

&lt;p&gt;Research related to the assessment of Geodiversity is highly relevant both at the international and national levels, especially in the last 20 years. These researches aim at valuing abiotic aspects as inseparable components of natural heritage and, thus, as well as Biodiversity, must be understood and valued through the ordering of their use and Geoconservation. Geodiversity studies are developed on the basis of several approaches, from the broadest ones, which contemplate the measurement of abiotic elements in a full way, to those that assess Geoheritage through the values &amp;#8203;&amp;#8203;of Geodiversity. The present research follows the broader approach of the evaluation and analysis of the entire Geodiversity, applying the measurement of abiotic elements without their valuation, with the purpose of the spatialization of areas with greater and lesser density of the selected elements related in this research to lithology, relief and soil. For this purpose, bases produced by systematic surveys of national research institutions such as the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM) were used. As a result, the mapping of the subindexes was obtained pointing from the division into 5 classes, the areas that present greater and lesser diversity of each element, as well as the synthesis map for the indexes of Geodiversity elements in Brazil, considering the three elements selected for this mapping.&amp;#160;A spatial analysis was also carried out between the Geodiversity Index Map and the Brazilian Conservation Units, as well as the areas where Geopark Projects are being developed. The majority of the Brazilian territory presents low Geodiversity index (32%), followed by medium (28%), very low (17%), high (15%) and very high (8%). The higher indexes are found in ancient Orogenic Belts, associated with Crystalline Basement that shows broad variation of rocks, in some cases linked with soil and relief elements. Areas of medium diversity are concentrated in Cratons and Sedimentary Basins borders, and low diversity areas are found in the central regions of large Sedimentary Basins, as well as in the Pantanal Floodplain. The Conservation Units present the following percentage of Geodiversity index: very high: 12%; high:10%; medium 16%; low: 23%; very low 22%. The analysis was done taking into account the categories of Conservation Units as well, and the higher indexes were found in Natural Monuments and Wildlife Refuges (38 and 43% respectively). 8 geopark projects have predominance of very high and high Geodiversity indexes; 7 presents medium index and only one amongst the 16 presents predominance of low index. No geopark project has very low index predominant in territory. The analysis of the spatialization of the indexes was carried out from a descriptive and genetic perspective, aiming at clarifying the causes of the distribution of the abiotic elements in the Brazilian territory, being able to provide subindexes for studies in the scope of environmental services, nature and territory conservation planning.&lt;/p&gt;

The use of morphometric indicators of the relief for soil mapping of around plants in the conditions of the middle taiga in the northern part of the Perm region

The digital elevation model (DEM) matrix allows to reveal the relationship of the soil cover with morphometric parameters. Therefore, in the absence of the possibility of a large-scale field survey of soils, for territories with a high degree of erosion hazard, the data on the relief make it possible to carry out predictive large-scale soil maps. The aim of the work is to create a cartographic model of the soil cover of agricultural land based on the extrapolation of the results of DEM processing and to compare it with the existing large-scale soil map in similar natural conditions. The object of research is the territory of LLC “Selskoe” located in the Solikamsk urban district of the Perm region. Agricultural land use belongs to the northernmost agricultural lands in the region. The total area of research was 429 hectares of arable land. The plot includes 8 fields. For soil mapping, a digital elevation model ALOS 30 and a large-scale soil map of the key site were used, which characterizes part of the land use of the subsidiary farm “Voskhod”. Using the results of the classification of the relief according to the GIS SAGA TPI based landform classification algorithm as a contour base and the existing soil map of the key site, a soil map of LLC “Selskoe” was made by the extrapolation method. The steepness of the slopes and the topographic moisture index were used as auxiliary data. In conditions of complex relief, a clear dependence of the location of soils on relief elements has been established. By extrapolating data from a large-scale soil survey, 10 soil cartographic units were identified. According to the relief elements, podzolic, sod-podzolic, bog-podzolic and alluvial soils were identified. In terms of granulometric composition, light soils prevail, a small area is occupied by medium loamy soils.

The settlement of Bald Elban-1 in the Upper Prichumyshye (Yeltsovsky district of the Altai Territory)

The Upper Chumyshye is a region that unites two different orographic zones — the Biysk-Chumysh upland and the Salaiork Ridge. Currently, it is one of the most researched archaeological neighborhoods. The peculiarities of the formation of the Chumysh Valley led to the formation of a valley-beam relief with a large number of expressive microdolines, capes and small tributaries. Many of these relief elements were used by the ancient population of the region to organize settlements and necropolises. This article is devoted to the publication of materials of the settlement complex of the early Iron Age in the Bald Elban tract.

Forest communities of the Salair ridge as habitats of protected lichen species

For a comprehensive assessment of the habitats of rare and vulnerable lichen species, four key sites inthe Eltsovsky, Togulsky and Zarinsky districts of the Altai territory were studied, which described plant communities –spruce forests, forests with spruce and cedar pine, as well as fir-aspen forests. In total, 20 geobotanical descriptionswere performed, each with an area of 400 sq. m; the vertical and horizontal structure and composition of species weredescribed. Fir-aspen forests and their derivatives are distributed along the peaks and slopes and are dominant in the axialpart of the ridge. They are significantly disrupted by logging. Spruce forests occupy low relief elements – river valleys,small in area. Despite the good development of spruce trees in these forests, they do not have any significant economicsignificance, as they are located in hard-to-reach places, often swampy. However, they can also be transformed as a resultof fires. The main threat to their existence is the process of gold mining in the valleys of small rivers, which destroys notonly spruce forests, but also the entire complex of environmental conditions necessary for their existence. Five species oflichens listed in the Red data book of the Altai territory were found in the studied forests.

Compartimentação dos elementos do relevo da bacia hidrográfica do arroio Pantanoso – Canguçu/RS, através da proposta dos geomorphons

O relevo é a base onde todas as populações vivem e desenvolvem suas atividades, derivando dessa relação vantagens e desvantagens, daí a importância de conhecê-lo através do estudo de suas diferentes formas e elementos. Nesse contexto insere-se a importância de metodologias para o seu estudo, sendo que atualmente vivencia-se a expressividade de dados disponíveis para aplicação de geoprocessamento. A partir das geotecnologias pode-se empreender diversas análises sobre o relevo, destacando-se nesse contexto, a proposta dos geomorphons a qual foi aplicada na bacia hidrográfica do arroio Pantanoso. O objetivo da pesquisa é a identificação e análise dos elementos do relevo definido por geomorphons, quais sejam: 1) Planos, 2) Picos, 3) Cristas, 4) Ressaltos, 5) Crista secundária, 6) Encostas, 7) Escavado, 8) Base de encosta, 9) Vales e 10) Fosso. A determinação dos geomorphons foi a partir do processamento em ambiente SIG do Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE) do Shuttle Radar Topograph Mission (SRTM) com resolução espacial 3 arcsec (90 metros), “L” Lookup (distância em metros) definiu-se como de 20 pixels (1800 metros) e o “T” Theresholdt (nivelamento em graus) definiu-se em 2º. Para visualização do comportamento dos elementos do relevo na área de estudo realizaram-se trabalhos de campo, o que contribuiu para evidenciar a padronização desses elementos. Os quatro elementos geomorphons mais representativos são encostas, vales, cristas e planos. Subdivision of relief elements through the proposal of geomorphons: river basin of arroio Pantanoso - Canguçu/RS A B S T R A C TRelief is the basis where all populations live and develop their activities, deriving from this relation advantages and disadvantages, hence the importance of knowing it through the study of its different forms and elements. In this context, the importance of methodologies for its study is inserted and geoprocessing application for data available for is currently experienced. From the geotechnologies one can undertake several analyzes on the relief, highlighting in this context, the proposal of the geomorphons which was applied in Pantanoso stream basin. The objective of the research is to identify and analyze the elements of the relief defined by geomorphons, namely: 1) Flats, 2) Peaks, 3) Ridges, 4) Shoulders, 5) Spurs, 6)Slopes, 7) Hollows, 8) Footslope, 9) Valley and 10) Pits. The determination of the geomorphons was based on the GIS environment of the Shuttle Radar Topograph Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with spatial resolution 3 arcsec (90 meters), "L" Lookup (distance in meters) was defined as of 20 pixels (1800 meters) and the "T" Theresholdt (leveling in degrees) was defined in 2º. In order to visualize the behavior of the relief elements in the study area, fieldwork was carried out, which contributed to the standardization of these elements. The four most representative geomorphons, which are: Slopes, Valleys, Ridges and Flat.Keywords: SIG, Geomorphons; Canguçu/RS; relief