HANS KÜNG DAN JOSEPH RATZINGER – DUA PANDANGAN TENTANG YESUS KRISTUS

<p><em>Hans Küng and Joseph Ratzinger are two well-known figures whose biography runs parallel to the end of the Second Vatican Council, but since the 1970s they have been sharply separated and since then they have developed into representatives of the two currents of development in the Catholic Church after the Second Vatican Council.</em><em> </em><em>In this article the author describes the characteristics of their respective views on Jesus Christ.</em><em> </em><em>Hans Küng's views are described according to the concise description in the book “20 Thesen zum Christsein” and his views are summarized under the title Jesus of Nazareth – an exemplary Man.</em><em> </em><em>Meanwhile, Joseph Ratzinger's view is taken from his book Jesus of Nazareth, which was published after Ratzinger became Pope Benedict XVI and is summarized under the title Jesus Christ – the Son of God.</em><em> </em><em>After describing the two positions, the writer gives a brief response to the two views. </em></p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Hans Küng, Joseph Ratzinger, christology, historical Jesus, critical historical method.<strong><em></em></strong></p>

Menciptakan Suasana Perjumpaan Antar-Agama: Refleksi Filosofis Etika Global Hans Küng

Indonesia faces the problem of differences for many year ago until now. Even though, Pancasila symbolizes the unity but mostly in religious relationship have a cliff between ''us’’ and ‘’them’’ for many reasons recently. Another problem emerges in area of Religious pluralism, makes the situation more difficult. The reality of religious diversity is isolated by misleading and shallow interpretations. The space for dialogue is insulated by religious formalism and theological claims of truth. The dialogue of agreement, both inclusivism and pluralism, has not been able to knit religious plurality. Traditions, symbols, rituals, ethical dimensions and universal core in religious dialogue as a precondition do not find space. In this context, the author is trying to offer the idea of "Global Ethics" by Hans Küng as a new understanding of religious dialogue. === Indonesia menghadapi masalah perbedaan selama bertahun-tahun yang lalu hingga sekarang. Meskipun Pancasila melambangkan persatuan, tetapi sebagian besar dalam hubungan agama memiliki jurang antara '' kami 'dan' mereka 'karena banyak alasan baru-baru ini. Masalah lain muncul di bidang pluralisme agama, membuat situasi lebih sulit. Realitas keragaman agama diisolasi dengan interpretasi yang menyesatkan dan dangkal. Ruang untuk dialog terisolasi oleh formalisme agama dan klaim kebenaran teologis. Dialog kesepakatan, baik inklusivisme dan pluralisme, belum mampu merajut pluralitas agama. Tradisi, simbol, ritual, dimensi etis, dan inti universal dalam dialog keagamaan sebagai prasyarat tidak menemukan ruang. Dalam konteks ini, penulis menawarkan ide "Global Ethics" oleh Hans Küng sebagai pemahaman baru tentang dialog agama.

Hans Küng, libertad conquistada

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Heaven, hell, and saving souls: Were we always wrong?

Is the Bible clear on heaven, hell, and eternity? This question is important for the mission of the church. In recent books, N.T. Wright challenges the concepts of heaven and hell and the saving of souls for eternal heaven or the proclamation of judgement to those who are lost. Although his view is one of critical realism, which differs substantially from Bultmann’s demythologizing of the Bible as viewpoint, there are some similarities. Hans Küng also has some questions regarding traditional views on eternity. Bram van de Beek, however, explains that it is necessary to mention that this world is not our abode. In discussing biblical texts such as many parables and many of Paul’s utterances, one must regard the references to eternal life and the reality of heaven and hell as essential in the proclamation of the gospel. God’s grace is, however, much more glorious and encompassing than his wrath.

Os batistas brasileiros e o ecumenismo: avanços e retrocessos

Numa sociedade religiosamente plural é inevitável buscar caminhos de diálogo entre as comunidades de fé, buscando construir um mundo mais justo e fraterno, pautado pelos valores do Reino de Deus. O artigo busca refletir sobre os fatores que contribuíram para que os batistas ligados à Convenção Batista Brasileira se tornassem tão refratários ao ecumenismo e como superar isso, em favor do Reino de Deus. Assumiu-se a tese de Hans Küng como novo paradigma para a teologia, a fim de que o Reino de Deus seja expandido e a vontade de Deus seja manifesta entre os seres humanos. Uma eclesiologia ecumênica, que alcance as comunidades de fé e que coloque seguidores e seguidoras de Jesus Cristo lado a lado. Buscou-se as raízes históricas dos batistas para identificar o envolvimento com o movimento ecumênico e as razões porque a maioria das igrejas filiadas à Convenção Batista Brasileira têm se mantido resistentes ao ecumenismo ao longo dos últimos 150 anos, sabendo-se que há batistas abertos ao diálogo ecumênico. A fundamentação teórico-teológica para o movimento ecumênico utiliza textos de Küng e documentos do Concílio Vaticano II. São indicadas possíveis portas de saída para que os batistas filiados à Convenção Batista Brasileira avancem na caminhada com os demais cristãos que também trabalham em favor do Reino de Deus e servem ao mesmo Senhor.

In memoriam Hans Küng (1928–2021)

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Projeto de ética mundial e teologia pluralista

A proposta de uma Declaração de Ética Mundial, do Segundo Parlamento Mundial das Religiões (1993), suscitou uma ampla discussão, mas sempre pautada pelo diálogo respeitoso dos delegados que estiveram presentes ao evento e que assinaram o texto final. A Declaração de Ética Mundial foi resultado de um processo de diálogo amplo, apresentado pelo teólogo suíço Hans Küng a especialistas e representantes das religiões ocidentais e orientais durante os anos em que este processo durou. Contudo, este percurso envolve o antes, o durante e o depois da apresentação da Declaração de Ética Mundial, o que gerou um conjunto de reflexões, às vezes, controversas, em torno da proposta. Assumimos aqui a propósito de percorrer três etapas para abordar o tema “O Projeto de Ética Mundial e a possibilidade de uma teologia ecumênica e pluralista”, a saber: 1. O diálogo como base espiritual ao Projeto de Ética Mundial; 2. Análises críticas ao Projeto de Ética Mundial; 3. O diálogo inter-religioso e a teologia pluralista.

Sumbangan Pemikiran Etika Global Hans Kung Demi Terwujudnya Perdamaian Dan Relevansinya Bagi Indonesia (Critical Discourse Analysis Terhadap Naskah Etika Global)

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to describe Hans Kung Global Ethics, to describe the contribution of Hans Kung Global Ethics for the realization of peace and the interesting relevance of Hans Kung Global Ethics for peace in Indonesia. The background of the research carried out by the researcher is to find the meaning of an unconditional ethical foundation in Hans Kung's discourse in the Global Ethics Manuscript so that its relevance to peace in Indonesia has recently been struggling in religious conflicts.The research method used by researchers in this study is to use a qualitative approach with Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis method. The method of critical discourse analysis is reading / interpreting the intrinsic and extrinsic meaning sentence by sentence of the Hans Kung Global Ethics manuscript by paying attention to the relationship between parts and sentences and analyzing the context and history.The results of the research analysis of the Global Ethics text are that the author finds the ethical foundation of each religion that is determined by religions as a consensus. Global ethics cannot necessarily be used to solve all problems, but this foundation can be used as a basis for action by religious communities in the midst of the world and especially in the midst of Indonesia. Conflicts that destroy the image of peace in Indonesia must be the reason that it is a necessity of the religious community, and the result is suffering. Religious people who are conflicted because of differences in dogmas realize that this weak point is not something that must be debated and contested, if one another still considers the presence of differences as taboo, then the result will be conflict between religious communities. There can be no survival without a basic ethic, and there can be no peace in Indonesia without peace between religions. And there can be no religious peace without dialogue between religions.