Ethics of Teaching Profession from the Perspective of Students According to the Gender Variable

This study aims to reveal the professional, ethical and unethical behaviors that undergraduate students encounter during their education life from a gender perspective. Phenomenology design, which is one of the qualitative research designs, was used in the study. The research was conducted with 64 students studying at the education faculty of a state university during the 2019-2020 academic year. The most expressed unethical behaviors by female and male students are discrimination, roughness and misconduct. While female students stated that the ethical behaviors they faced were, in turn, professional commitment/development, moral aid and equality/ impartiality; Male students, on the other hand, expressed financial aid, moral aid and research on the cause of the problem. The most important result of the study is that male students stated that they did not encounter ethical behavior in teachers. According to the answers given by the female students to the research questions in the study, the unethical behaviors of the teachers were revealed as discrimination, roughness and misconduct, respectively. In contrast, male students stated roughness, discrimination and misconduct.

The limited contribution of early visual cortex in visual working memory for surface roughness

Are visual representations in the human early visual cortex necessary for visual working memory (VWM)? Previous studies suggest that VWM is underpinned by distributed representations across several brain regions, including the early visual cortex. Notably, in these studies, participants had to memorize images under consistent visual conditions. However, in our daily lives, we must retain the essential visual properties of objects despite changes in illumination or viewpoint. The role of brain regions—particularly the early visual cortices—in these situations remains unclear. The present study investigated whether the early visual cortex was essential for achieving stable VWM. Focusing on VWM for object surface properties, we conducted fMRI experiments while male and female participants performed a delayed roughness discrimination task in which sample and probe spheres were presented under varying illumination. By applying multi-voxel pattern analysis to brain activity in regions of interest, we found that the ventral visual cortex and intraparietal sulcus were involved in roughness VWM under changing illumination conditions. In contrast, VWM was not supported as robustly by the early visual cortex. These findings show that visual representations in the early visual cortex alone are insufficient for the robust roughness VWM representation required during changes in illumination.