Evaluation of Restorative Techniques for Vertically Fractured Roots

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of combining specific adhesive materials and various surface treatments on bonding durability and microleakage of vertically fractured roots. Adhesive models were prepared using bovine lower incisors. The experiment included the following five groups: SB-G group (control) (10% citric acid with 3% ferric chloride solution (10-3 solution) + an adhesive resin cement (4-META/MMA-TBB; Super-Bond®)), EC group (self-cure bonding agent (UB) + core composite resin (EC)), EC-G group (10-3 solution + UB + EC), EC-P group (40% phosphate solution + UB + EC), and EC-E group (18% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution + UB + EC). After applying a load of 50,000 cycles, microleakage, microtensile bond strength (μTBS), and failure modes were examined. Microleakage of the EC, EC-G, and EC-E groups was significantly lower than that of the EC-P group. The μTBS of the EC-G group was significantly higher than that of the other groups. All EC groups showed that mixed (cohesive and adhesive) and adhesive failures were the most prevalent types of failure modes. The EC-G group showed the highest bonding durability and the lowest microleakage results, which indicates a possible alternative to current adhesive and tooth surface treatments.

PERBANDINGAN KEDALAMAN PENGIKISAN LOGAM DALAM LARUTAN FERI KLORIDA

A comparative study of metal removal in ferric chloride solution has been completed. The purpose of this study is the effect of acid solution cause material removal of various types of metals such as steel, iron, aluminum and tin. Previously this plate had been prepared by determine the dimensions of the plate size, plate mass and ensuring the plate surface is flat. After that, the plates were immersed in ferric chloride solution with a solution percentage of 27% gram / ml in water for 2 hours. Metal plates had been cleaned and dried and then carried out post-immersion measurements for plate mass, plate dimensions, solution temperature and the acidity of the solution. The result of measurement show the metal plates of steel, iron, aluminum and tin have removed material with a depth of 0.350 mm; 0.550 mm; 0.5625 mm and 0.665 mm. The mass lost after immersion in ferric chloride solution was 2.2 g; 3.9 g; 3.6 g and 7.6 g. Through Faraday's Law, it has been found that the calculation of the material removal rate (MRR) is 0.140 cm3/hour; 0.252 cm3/hour; 0.667 cm3/hour and 0.659 cm3/hour. This has shown the acid solution can remove the metal surface,when the density of the metal is large, material removal rate is low. Therefore, further studies are needed to observe the presence of impurities in the plate and the surface roughness of the metal plate after immersion.

Tackling the Stability Issues of Silver Nanowire Transparent Conductive Films through FeCl3 Dilute Solution Treatment

Silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been investigated as alternatives to indium tin oxide in transparent conductive films (TCFs) for electronics. However, AgNW TCFs still pose stability issues when exposed to thermal, chemical, and mechanical stimuli. Herein, we demonstrate a facile and effective route to improve stability by treating the films with dilute ferric chloride solution. Our results indicate that after treatment the films exhibit a dramatically enhanced stability against aging, high temperature oxidation, chemical etching, sulfurization, and mechanical straining. Size-dependent instability is fully explored and explained regarding surface atomic diffusion, which could be blocked by enhancing the activation energy of surface diffusion through forming a AgCl cap under ferric chloride solution treatment. Chemisorption-related Fermi level shift of silver nanowires is applied to tune their chemical reactivity to ferric chloride solution for balancing between size-dependent stability improvement and maintaining optoelectrical properties. Owing to the dilute treatment solution, the treated films exhibit a negligible change in light transmittance, whereas sheet resistance decreases by 30% and flexibility increases because of capillary-force-induced welding of contacting AgNWs and AgCl layer mediated tightening. These findings are significant for real-world applications of AgNW TCFs.